HCR 240 Exam 1 Passed A+ Rated
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And Answers 2025
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Pathophysiology - Answer - Pathophysiology is the study of the body's response to dysfunction or
disease.
Etiology - Answer - Cause of disease
Congenital conditions - Answer - Defects present at birth (though may not be present at first)
Most diseases are: - Answer - Nonspecific
Do not have a single cause
Acquired defects - Answer - Caused by events that occur after birth
Pathogenesis - Answer - disease process evolution
Symptom vs sign - Answer - Symptom- subjective
Sign- objective
Morbidity vs. Mortality - Answer - Morbidity: describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality: pertains to the causes of death in a given population
Three Levels of Disease Prevention - Answer - Primary prevention: (e.g., immunizations) removing risk
factors, so disease does not occur
,Secondary prevention: (e.g., Pap smears) detecting disease when still curable
Tertiary prevention: (e.g., antibiotic use) preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of
disease
How many deaths attribute to diet? - Answer - 45% of ALL deaths attributable to diet
Lowest risk of death of BMI - Answer - 20.0-24.9
Criterion for Apgar Score - Answer - Heart rate
Respiratory effort
Muscle tone
Reflex irritability
Color
Cell Function & growth - Answer - Nucleus
-Nuclear envelope
-Nuclear pores
-DNA
-Chromatin
-RNA synthesis
Cytoplasm
-Work space for cell
-Water, electrolytes, proteins, fats, glycogen
-Pigments
Cell membrane
, -Lipids
--Phospholipids (amphipathic)
--Cholesterol (hydrophobic)
-Proteins (integral and surface)
Cell adaption - Answer - Atrophy: decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
Hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia: replacement of adult cells
Dysplasia: deranged cell growth
Cell injury - Answer - Physical agents, radiation, chemical, biologic agents, nutritional imbalances
Mechanisms of Cell Injury - Answer - Free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
-Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species; having an unpaired electron causes them to be
unstable and highly reactive.
Free radical injury
-Lipid peroxidation
-Oxidative modification of proteins
-DNA effects
Reversible cell injury - Answer - -Cellular swelling: impairment of the energy-dependent Na+/K+ ATPase
membrane pump, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury.
-Fatty change: linked to intracellular accumulation of fat
Hypoxic Cell Injury - Answer - Inadequate amount of oxygen in the air
Respiratory disease
Guide New full Exam with Questions
And Answers 2025
Save
Pathophysiology - Answer - Pathophysiology is the study of the body's response to dysfunction or
disease.
Etiology - Answer - Cause of disease
Congenital conditions - Answer - Defects present at birth (though may not be present at first)
Most diseases are: - Answer - Nonspecific
Do not have a single cause
Acquired defects - Answer - Caused by events that occur after birth
Pathogenesis - Answer - disease process evolution
Symptom vs sign - Answer - Symptom- subjective
Sign- objective
Morbidity vs. Mortality - Answer - Morbidity: describes the effects an illness has on a person's life
Mortality: pertains to the causes of death in a given population
Three Levels of Disease Prevention - Answer - Primary prevention: (e.g., immunizations) removing risk
factors, so disease does not occur
,Secondary prevention: (e.g., Pap smears) detecting disease when still curable
Tertiary prevention: (e.g., antibiotic use) preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of
disease
How many deaths attribute to diet? - Answer - 45% of ALL deaths attributable to diet
Lowest risk of death of BMI - Answer - 20.0-24.9
Criterion for Apgar Score - Answer - Heart rate
Respiratory effort
Muscle tone
Reflex irritability
Color
Cell Function & growth - Answer - Nucleus
-Nuclear envelope
-Nuclear pores
-DNA
-Chromatin
-RNA synthesis
Cytoplasm
-Work space for cell
-Water, electrolytes, proteins, fats, glycogen
-Pigments
Cell membrane
, -Lipids
--Phospholipids (amphipathic)
--Cholesterol (hydrophobic)
-Proteins (integral and surface)
Cell adaption - Answer - Atrophy: decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
Hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia: replacement of adult cells
Dysplasia: deranged cell growth
Cell injury - Answer - Physical agents, radiation, chemical, biologic agents, nutritional imbalances
Mechanisms of Cell Injury - Answer - Free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
-Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species; having an unpaired electron causes them to be
unstable and highly reactive.
Free radical injury
-Lipid peroxidation
-Oxidative modification of proteins
-DNA effects
Reversible cell injury - Answer - -Cellular swelling: impairment of the energy-dependent Na+/K+ ATPase
membrane pump, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury.
-Fatty change: linked to intracellular accumulation of fat
Hypoxic Cell Injury - Answer - Inadequate amount of oxygen in the air
Respiratory disease
