Bio 1500 Final Exam Mizzou Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
What does it mean for a gene to be expressed? - ✔✔When the gene is transcribed into
mRNA and translated into AA
What does it mean for a gene to not be expressed? - ✔✔no protein/amino acids are
made and no transcription occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned on? - ✔✔transcription of the gene occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned off? - ✔✔Transcription of the gene does not
occur
What does it mean for a gene to be upregulated? - ✔✔the cell increases the quantity of
mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (more of)
What does it mean for a gene to be downregulated? - ✔✔the cell decreases the quantity
of mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (less of)
what do regulatory genes do? - ✔✔control the expression of one or more gene
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,what is a gene family? - ✔✔genes found on a small number of chromosomes (3 for
Globin family)
what is a protein family? - ✔✔proteins that have the same number if on the same
chromosome and are similar in structure
What are the causes of gene duplication? - ✔✔unequal crossing over during meiosis,
duplication of the entire chromosome /chromosome pair, new genes can come from
mutations that replace start codons/viral genes.
What is the function of myoglobin? - ✔✔Stores O2 in endurance muscles, times for high
metabolic demand facilitates oxygen diffusion.
explain how the structure and the o2 binding properties of myoglobin relate to each
other - ✔✔Compared to hemoglobin the O2 dissociation curve is shifted to the left
meaning it has higher O2 affinity.
how does the binding of molecules other than O2 (e.g. CO, NO, H2O) to hemoglobin
affect the color of meat? - ✔✔CO2 causes smoked meat to turn pink, myoglobin stores
the O2 in muscle cells (responsible for color before during and after cooking depending
on how much myglobin is exposed to gas). Myoglobin brown = H20 binding instead of
O2, myoglobin pink = NO or CO binding.
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,why is meat color not necessarily an indicator of meat's freshness? - ✔✔Meat in a
packages use nitric acid (NO) for a bright pink color and if the meat stays this color it
means it is fresh because the HB is not binding to anything else.
what is the oxygen environment of the womb? - ✔✔Poor oxygen environment/low Po2,
therefor fetal blood mixes with O2 and deoxygenated blood from mom lowering mom's
overall po2
how does a fetus obtain oxygen? - ✔✔Obtains oxygen from mom's blood being released
to the fetal's umbilical artery and vein
What is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve like compared to adult Hb to fetal hemoglobin? -
✔✔Fetal Hb has higher O2 affinity than adults (left shift)
How are the developmental changes in Hb related to gene duplication and to changes
in gene expression? - ✔✔Different Hb could be due to different tissue types
How do you interpret evolutionary relationships in a phylogenetic tree? - ✔✔DON'T
count nodes, look at common ancestors for evolutionary relationships. Same distance =
same evolving time
what is a clade? - ✔✔All lineages connect together at a common ancestor
Interpret traits in living species based on hypothesized gains or losses of a trait in a
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, phylogenetic tree - ✔✔Whether or not species are alive in a phylogenic tree determines
what traits will continue to pass on.
what is convergent evolution? - ✔✔when two different organisms share the same
phenotype/trait because they share similar way of life/pressures.
how do we know that the Hb adaptations of birds living at high altitudes in different
parts of the world is an example of convergent evolution? - ✔✔Different locations but
same adaptions due to same altitude pressures
what is the biological species concept? - ✔✔Species are a group of organisms with the
potential to breed with each other and produce live fertile offspring
What are the steps involved in the most common form of speciation? - ✔✔1. Population
splits into two isolated groups
2. Genetic differences build up between populations due to different selective pressures
3. Populations become different enough to no longer reproduce successfully.
What are the chemical compounds most strongly implicated in climate change -
✔✔Water vapor, co2, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons
what evidence is there that increased atmospheric temperatures are the result of an
increase in greenhouse gas composition rather than changes in the sun. - ✔✔average
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
and Answers 100% Pass
What does it mean for a gene to be expressed? - ✔✔When the gene is transcribed into
mRNA and translated into AA
What does it mean for a gene to not be expressed? - ✔✔no protein/amino acids are
made and no transcription occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned on? - ✔✔transcription of the gene occurs
What does it mean for a gene to be turned off? - ✔✔Transcription of the gene does not
occur
What does it mean for a gene to be upregulated? - ✔✔the cell increases the quantity of
mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (more of)
What does it mean for a gene to be downregulated? - ✔✔the cell decreases the quantity
of mRNA/protein in response to external stimulus (less of)
what do regulatory genes do? - ✔✔control the expression of one or more gene
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,what is a gene family? - ✔✔genes found on a small number of chromosomes (3 for
Globin family)
what is a protein family? - ✔✔proteins that have the same number if on the same
chromosome and are similar in structure
What are the causes of gene duplication? - ✔✔unequal crossing over during meiosis,
duplication of the entire chromosome /chromosome pair, new genes can come from
mutations that replace start codons/viral genes.
What is the function of myoglobin? - ✔✔Stores O2 in endurance muscles, times for high
metabolic demand facilitates oxygen diffusion.
explain how the structure and the o2 binding properties of myoglobin relate to each
other - ✔✔Compared to hemoglobin the O2 dissociation curve is shifted to the left
meaning it has higher O2 affinity.
how does the binding of molecules other than O2 (e.g. CO, NO, H2O) to hemoglobin
affect the color of meat? - ✔✔CO2 causes smoked meat to turn pink, myoglobin stores
the O2 in muscle cells (responsible for color before during and after cooking depending
on how much myglobin is exposed to gas). Myoglobin brown = H20 binding instead of
O2, myoglobin pink = NO or CO binding.
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,why is meat color not necessarily an indicator of meat's freshness? - ✔✔Meat in a
packages use nitric acid (NO) for a bright pink color and if the meat stays this color it
means it is fresh because the HB is not binding to anything else.
what is the oxygen environment of the womb? - ✔✔Poor oxygen environment/low Po2,
therefor fetal blood mixes with O2 and deoxygenated blood from mom lowering mom's
overall po2
how does a fetus obtain oxygen? - ✔✔Obtains oxygen from mom's blood being released
to the fetal's umbilical artery and vein
What is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve like compared to adult Hb to fetal hemoglobin? -
✔✔Fetal Hb has higher O2 affinity than adults (left shift)
How are the developmental changes in Hb related to gene duplication and to changes
in gene expression? - ✔✔Different Hb could be due to different tissue types
How do you interpret evolutionary relationships in a phylogenetic tree? - ✔✔DON'T
count nodes, look at common ancestors for evolutionary relationships. Same distance =
same evolving time
what is a clade? - ✔✔All lineages connect together at a common ancestor
Interpret traits in living species based on hypothesized gains or losses of a trait in a
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, phylogenetic tree - ✔✔Whether or not species are alive in a phylogenic tree determines
what traits will continue to pass on.
what is convergent evolution? - ✔✔when two different organisms share the same
phenotype/trait because they share similar way of life/pressures.
how do we know that the Hb adaptations of birds living at high altitudes in different
parts of the world is an example of convergent evolution? - ✔✔Different locations but
same adaptions due to same altitude pressures
what is the biological species concept? - ✔✔Species are a group of organisms with the
potential to breed with each other and produce live fertile offspring
What are the steps involved in the most common form of speciation? - ✔✔1. Population
splits into two isolated groups
2. Genetic differences build up between populations due to different selective pressures
3. Populations become different enough to no longer reproduce successfully.
What are the chemical compounds most strongly implicated in climate change -
✔✔Water vapor, co2, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons
what evidence is there that increased atmospheric temperatures are the result of an
increase in greenhouse gas composition rather than changes in the sun. - ✔✔average
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
