Penn Foster Pharmacology
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t.i.d
q.i.d
b.i.d
three times a day (ter in die)
four times a day (quarter in die)
twice a day (bis in die)
Pharmacokinetics
complex series of events involving how the body reacts to the movement of drugs in the body.
Occurs after drug administration
Pharmacodynamics
study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action in the
body.
nebulizer
a device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
(to kill small organisms or open lungs)
metered-dose inhaler
a handheld device that produces a medicated spray for inhalation.
anesthetic gases
gaseous forms are given with vaporizers
transdermal (topical) drugs
drugs placed on the skin (patch) allowing slow absorption over time
,concentration gradient
drugs moving from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
Bioavailability
measures the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient
water-soluble drugs
Drugs that dissolve in water tend to stay in the bloodstream and either stay free or bond to
various proteins (albumin)
lipid-soluble drugs
drugs absorbed by bodily fats and move out of the bloodstream into the interstitial space
(between organs and tissues)
Fat, liver, bone, and kidneys function as storage sites for these drugs.
placenta
The blood-brain barrier preventing blood from entering the brain tissues. Can also interfere with
the absorption of certain drugs. Provides nutrients to the fetus.
drug excretion
the process of eliminating medications, through the liver (bile), and kidneys (urine), but also
through mammary glands, sweat, feces, and saliva.
residues
drugs that will appear in the animal's milk or meat products, can cause allergic reactions or cause
bacteria to become resistant to certain antibiotics. Can result in cancer.
efficacy
the degree to which the desired effect is achieved
potency
amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect.
Represented by a dose-responsive curve
lethal dose (LD50)
Is that lethal enough to kill 50% of animals given that the drug
effective dose (ED50)
The dose that produced the desired effect in 50% of animals given that drug
elixirs
compound liquid meds held in a solution by alcohol, contain flavorings to mask the drug taste.
, 4 types of syringes
1) Slip tip- most common
2) Luer lock- screw top, thick fluids
3) Eccentric tip- larger volumes into a vein
4) Catheter tip- good for oral feedings
IV catheter
placed into the vein to allow repeated injections, making repetitive intravenous meds easier.
butterfly catheter used for short-term IV therapy
endotracheal tubes
Artificial airways are placed into the trachea for controlled ventilation
tranquilizers
compounds used to calm or quiet a patient.
acepromazine & chlorpromazine
Neuroleptanalgesics
- a combination of an opioid and tranquilizer or sedative
- cause CNS depression and analgesia and may or may not produce unconsciousness
Combinations prepared by veterinarians include...
- Xylazine and butorphanol
- Acepromazine and morphine
- Acepromazine and oxymorphone
Side effects: panting, bradycardia, increased sensitivity to sound, flatulence
behavioral pharmacotherapy
use of drugs to treat various behavioral problems such as:
- separation anxiety
- phobias
- compulsive disorders
- cognitive dysfunction syndrome
antianxiety medication side effects
- lethargy
- ataxia (uncoordinated movements)
- polyuria (large production of urine)
Proctor Exam Practice With
Answers Focus On Your
Success
t.i.d
q.i.d
b.i.d
three times a day (ter in die)
four times a day (quarter in die)
twice a day (bis in die)
Pharmacokinetics
complex series of events involving how the body reacts to the movement of drugs in the body.
Occurs after drug administration
Pharmacodynamics
study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action in the
body.
nebulizer
a device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
(to kill small organisms or open lungs)
metered-dose inhaler
a handheld device that produces a medicated spray for inhalation.
anesthetic gases
gaseous forms are given with vaporizers
transdermal (topical) drugs
drugs placed on the skin (patch) allowing slow absorption over time
,concentration gradient
drugs moving from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
Bioavailability
measures the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient
water-soluble drugs
Drugs that dissolve in water tend to stay in the bloodstream and either stay free or bond to
various proteins (albumin)
lipid-soluble drugs
drugs absorbed by bodily fats and move out of the bloodstream into the interstitial space
(between organs and tissues)
Fat, liver, bone, and kidneys function as storage sites for these drugs.
placenta
The blood-brain barrier preventing blood from entering the brain tissues. Can also interfere with
the absorption of certain drugs. Provides nutrients to the fetus.
drug excretion
the process of eliminating medications, through the liver (bile), and kidneys (urine), but also
through mammary glands, sweat, feces, and saliva.
residues
drugs that will appear in the animal's milk or meat products, can cause allergic reactions or cause
bacteria to become resistant to certain antibiotics. Can result in cancer.
efficacy
the degree to which the desired effect is achieved
potency
amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect.
Represented by a dose-responsive curve
lethal dose (LD50)
Is that lethal enough to kill 50% of animals given that the drug
effective dose (ED50)
The dose that produced the desired effect in 50% of animals given that drug
elixirs
compound liquid meds held in a solution by alcohol, contain flavorings to mask the drug taste.
, 4 types of syringes
1) Slip tip- most common
2) Luer lock- screw top, thick fluids
3) Eccentric tip- larger volumes into a vein
4) Catheter tip- good for oral feedings
IV catheter
placed into the vein to allow repeated injections, making repetitive intravenous meds easier.
butterfly catheter used for short-term IV therapy
endotracheal tubes
Artificial airways are placed into the trachea for controlled ventilation
tranquilizers
compounds used to calm or quiet a patient.
acepromazine & chlorpromazine
Neuroleptanalgesics
- a combination of an opioid and tranquilizer or sedative
- cause CNS depression and analgesia and may or may not produce unconsciousness
Combinations prepared by veterinarians include...
- Xylazine and butorphanol
- Acepromazine and morphine
- Acepromazine and oxymorphone
Side effects: panting, bradycardia, increased sensitivity to sound, flatulence
behavioral pharmacotherapy
use of drugs to treat various behavioral problems such as:
- separation anxiety
- phobias
- compulsive disorders
- cognitive dysfunction syndrome
antianxiety medication side effects
- lethargy
- ataxia (uncoordinated movements)
- polyuria (large production of urine)
