Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme (2025 LATEST UPDATED)
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES - (answers)are those circumstances that cause the
offender to be punished more severely than they would normally be for a specific crime. For
example, conviction for the rape of a child would warrant a more serious punishment than rape
of an adult, because society views a child as more vulnerable
and helpless (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:3±32).
CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY - (answers)as an approach to studying crime emphasises the
importance of free will and views a criminal act as one that had been consciously carried out by
its perpetrator; the perpetrator has rationally weighed up the advantages and disadvantages of
undertaking the action. The main focus of classicist criminology is on the operation of the
criminal justice system. Classicists believe that, if this system operated in a consistent and
predictable fashion, it would你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
eliminate crime (because those who committed crime knew that
they would not get away with中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
it (Joyce, 2006:557)).
主题的中文文章？
CRIMINAL EVENT DECISIONS - (answers)are shorter processes that use more limited
information that relates mainly to the immediate circumstances and situations (Cote,2002:292).
CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT - (answers)refers to the processes through which individuals
initially choose to become involved in particular forms of crime, to continue on this path, and
then, later to desist from crime (Cote, 2002:29).
,LIMITED OR BOUNDED RATIONALITY - (answers)is a term used to indicate that even
though individuals may make poor decisions, often based on incomplete or simply inadequate
information, they are nonetheless rational actors (Newburn, 2007:949).
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES - (answers)are those circumstances that would result in a
more lenient sentence that would normally be imposed for a similar crime. A first- time offender
would normally receive a lighter sentence than someone with a long criminal history (Hunter &
Dantzker, 2002:32).
NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL - (answers)is a body of theory that contends that scientific
criminology (positivism), with its belief in rehabilitation, is invalid. According to this school of
thought, society should return to the principles of classical criminology and should deal with
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
crime by concentrating on the administration of justice and the punishment of offenders (Empey,
主题的中文文章？
Stafford & Hay, 1999:418).
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY - (answers)is theory (associated primarily with Marcus
Felson) which suggests that for crime to occur three factors must be present, namely a motivated
offender; a suitable victim; and the absence of capable guardians (Newburn, 2007:952).
,RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY - (answers)is a theory which emphasises the importance of
rationality in human action, even if this is limited (bounded). It emphasises the
decision-making processes involved in the choices made by offenders (Newburn, 2007:95).
SOCIAL CONTRACT - (answers)is when an individual is bound to society only by his or her
own consent, and society is therefore responsible to him or her (Hunter & Dantzker,2002:29).
Burke (2005:28±29) identifies the following central attributes of the classical and neoclassical
schools, which laid down the foundations of the rational actor model: - (answers). A fundamental
concentration on the criminal law and the legal definition of crime.
. The central concept that the punishment should fit the crime rather than the offender.
. The doctrine of free will, according to which all people are free to choose their actions. From
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
this perspective, it is assumed that there is nothing ''different'' or ''special'' about offenders that
主题的中文文章？
differentiate them from other people.
. The use of non-scientific methodology coupled with a lack of empirical research.
neoclassicists, - (answers)= a person is still accountable for his or her actions, but with certain
minor reservations
= it is acknowledged that the offender's past history and present situation both influence the
likelihood of reform
, = sane adults were still considered fully responsible for their actions, and all equally capable of
either criminal or law-abiding behaviour.
= that children (and in some circumstances the elderly) were less capable of exercising free
choice and were therefore less responsible for their actions
= insane and ``feeble-minded'' might be even less responsible
= admitted into the courts for the first time non-legal "experts''
including doctors, psychiatrists and, later, social workers.
= purpose of this intervention was to determine the extent to which offenders were responsible
for their actions.
= outcome was that sentences became more individualised, depending on the perceived degree of
responsibility on the part of the offender and on whether there were mitigating circumstances
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
elements that increase or decrease the likelihood that persons will be victims
主题的中文文章？
of personal (direct contact) or property crime are: - (answers)= The availability of suitable targets
in the form of a person or property,
= The absence of capable guardians, such as police, homeowners, neighbours,
friends, and relatives.
= The presence of motivated offenders, such as young males, drug users and
unemployed adults.
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES - (answers)are those circumstances that cause the
offender to be punished more severely than they would normally be for a specific crime. For
example, conviction for the rape of a child would warrant a more serious punishment than rape
of an adult, because society views a child as more vulnerable
and helpless (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:3±32).
CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY - (answers)as an approach to studying crime emphasises the
importance of free will and views a criminal act as one that had been consciously carried out by
its perpetrator; the perpetrator has rationally weighed up the advantages and disadvantages of
undertaking the action. The main focus of classicist criminology is on the operation of the
criminal justice system. Classicists believe that, if this system operated in a consistent and
predictable fashion, it would你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
eliminate crime (because those who committed crime knew that
they would not get away with中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
it (Joyce, 2006:557)).
主题的中文文章？
CRIMINAL EVENT DECISIONS - (answers)are shorter processes that use more limited
information that relates mainly to the immediate circumstances and situations (Cote,2002:292).
CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT - (answers)refers to the processes through which individuals
initially choose to become involved in particular forms of crime, to continue on this path, and
then, later to desist from crime (Cote, 2002:29).
,LIMITED OR BOUNDED RATIONALITY - (answers)is a term used to indicate that even
though individuals may make poor decisions, often based on incomplete or simply inadequate
information, they are nonetheless rational actors (Newburn, 2007:949).
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES - (answers)are those circumstances that would result in a
more lenient sentence that would normally be imposed for a similar crime. A first- time offender
would normally receive a lighter sentence than someone with a long criminal history (Hunter &
Dantzker, 2002:32).
NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL - (answers)is a body of theory that contends that scientific
criminology (positivism), with its belief in rehabilitation, is invalid. According to this school of
thought, society should return to the principles of classical criminology and should deal with
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
crime by concentrating on the administration of justice and the punishment of offenders (Empey,
主题的中文文章？
Stafford & Hay, 1999:418).
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY - (answers)is theory (associated primarily with Marcus
Felson) which suggests that for crime to occur three factors must be present, namely a motivated
offender; a suitable victim; and the absence of capable guardians (Newburn, 2007:952).
,RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY - (answers)is a theory which emphasises the importance of
rationality in human action, even if this is limited (bounded). It emphasises the
decision-making processes involved in the choices made by offenders (Newburn, 2007:95).
SOCIAL CONTRACT - (answers)is when an individual is bound to society only by his or her
own consent, and society is therefore responsible to him or her (Hunter & Dantzker,2002:29).
Burke (2005:28±29) identifies the following central attributes of the classical and neoclassical
schools, which laid down the foundations of the rational actor model: - (answers). A fundamental
concentration on the criminal law and the legal definition of crime.
. The central concept that the punishment should fit the crime rather than the offender.
. The doctrine of free will, according to which all people are free to choose their actions. From
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
this perspective, it is assumed that there is nothing ''different'' or ''special'' about offenders that
主题的中文文章？
differentiate them from other people.
. The use of non-scientific methodology coupled with a lack of empirical research.
neoclassicists, - (answers)= a person is still accountable for his or her actions, but with certain
minor reservations
= it is acknowledged that the offender's past history and present situation both influence the
likelihood of reform
, = sane adults were still considered fully responsible for their actions, and all equally capable of
either criminal or law-abiding behaviour.
= that children (and in some circumstances the elderly) were less capable of exercising free
choice and were therefore less responsible for their actions
= insane and ``feeble-minded'' might be even less responsible
= admitted into the courts for the first time non-legal "experts''
including doctors, psychiatrists and, later, social workers.
= purpose of this intervention was to determine the extent to which offenders were responsible
for their actions.
= outcome was that sentences became more individualised, depending on the perceived degree of
responsibility on the part of the offender and on whether there were mitigating circumstances
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
elements that increase or decrease the likelihood that persons will be victims
主题的中文文章？
of personal (direct contact) or property crime are: - (answers)= The availability of suitable targets
in the form of a person or property,
= The absence of capable guardians, such as police, homeowners, neighbours,
friends, and relatives.
= The presence of motivated offenders, such as young males, drug users and
unemployed adults.
