NUSCTX 11, Midterm 2 - UC Berkeley
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Neurotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER - Target specific vulnerable processes in the brain:
Neurotransmission of information across extracellular space at the synapse
High energy requirements of the brain
Resting Nueron - CORRECT ANSWER - Inside of neuron is negatively charged because
there are less positive ions inside of the neuron.
Inside Resting Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Negatively Charged (less positive ions
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Resting Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Positively Charged (more positive ions
Na+, Ca2+)
Excited Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Na+ and Ca2+ channels open and let in positive
ions Na+ and Ca2+ making the inside of the neuron positive
Inside Excited Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Positively Charged (more positive ions,
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Excited Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Negatively Charged (less positive ions,
Na+, Ca2+)
Restoration of neuron back to resting state - CORRECT ANSWER - Positive ions inside of
the cell (Na+, Ca2+) are ejected out of the neuron
,Neurotransmission - CORRECT ANSWER - Modulates most cellular and physiological
processes including movement, breathing, thinking, perception, and memory.
Neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER - Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Na+, Acetylcholine receptor,
Excitatory
Glutamate (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ca2+, Glutamate receptor, Excitatory
GABA (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Cl-, GABA receptor, Inhibitory
Na+ (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Voltage-gated Na+ channel, Excitatory
Therapeutic Drugs
Illegal Neuroactive Drugs
Neurotransmitter-Associated Toxicants - CORRECT ANSWER - Widely target the process
of neurotransmission
Acetylecholine (ACh) - CORRECT ANSWER - Binds nicotinic and muscarinic ACh
receptors
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChR) - CORRECT ANSWER - Receptor that
binds with acetylcholine on parasympathetic neruons and raise cyclic adenosine monophosphate
levels and controls secretion (salivation, tearing, urination, digestion, defecation), heart rate, and
breathing
, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChR) - CORRECT ANSWER - Receptor that binds
with acetylcholine on cholinergic neurons and causes Na+ to flow into the neuron and controls
memory, motor function, and neurotransmission.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - CORRECT ANSWER - Hyrdrolizes acetylcholine into
acetate and choline
Organophosphates - CORRECT ANSWER - Irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase
which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapse.
Excess Acetylcholine at the Synapse - CORRECT ANSWER - Hyperstimulates mAChR
and nAChR leading to salivating, vomiting, tearing, urinating, defecating, convulsions and
tremors
Symptoms from OP nerve gas exposure - CORRECT ANSWER - Convulsions and
tremors
Muscle cramps
Bronchoconstriction
Salivation, lacrimation, urination
Paralysis
Death
Fasciculin - CORRECT ANSWER - A 61-residue polypeptide, from green mamba venom
and is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
Galantamine - CORRECT ANSWER - AChE inhibitor found in a small variety of plants,
one of them Narcissus, which is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
and other memory impairments
Increases ACh levels in the synapse to compensate for loss of neurons that produce ACh
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Neurotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER - Target specific vulnerable processes in the brain:
Neurotransmission of information across extracellular space at the synapse
High energy requirements of the brain
Resting Nueron - CORRECT ANSWER - Inside of neuron is negatively charged because
there are less positive ions inside of the neuron.
Inside Resting Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Negatively Charged (less positive ions
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Resting Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Positively Charged (more positive ions
Na+, Ca2+)
Excited Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Na+ and Ca2+ channels open and let in positive
ions Na+ and Ca2+ making the inside of the neuron positive
Inside Excited Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Positively Charged (more positive ions,
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Excited Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER - Negatively Charged (less positive ions,
Na+, Ca2+)
Restoration of neuron back to resting state - CORRECT ANSWER - Positive ions inside of
the cell (Na+, Ca2+) are ejected out of the neuron
,Neurotransmission - CORRECT ANSWER - Modulates most cellular and physiological
processes including movement, breathing, thinking, perception, and memory.
Neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER - Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Na+, Acetylcholine receptor,
Excitatory
Glutamate (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ca2+, Glutamate receptor, Excitatory
GABA (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Cl-, GABA receptor, Inhibitory
Na+ (Transmission) - CORRECT ANSWER - Voltage-gated Na+ channel, Excitatory
Therapeutic Drugs
Illegal Neuroactive Drugs
Neurotransmitter-Associated Toxicants - CORRECT ANSWER - Widely target the process
of neurotransmission
Acetylecholine (ACh) - CORRECT ANSWER - Binds nicotinic and muscarinic ACh
receptors
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChR) - CORRECT ANSWER - Receptor that
binds with acetylcholine on parasympathetic neruons and raise cyclic adenosine monophosphate
levels and controls secretion (salivation, tearing, urination, digestion, defecation), heart rate, and
breathing
, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChR) - CORRECT ANSWER - Receptor that binds
with acetylcholine on cholinergic neurons and causes Na+ to flow into the neuron and controls
memory, motor function, and neurotransmission.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - CORRECT ANSWER - Hyrdrolizes acetylcholine into
acetate and choline
Organophosphates - CORRECT ANSWER - Irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase
which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapse.
Excess Acetylcholine at the Synapse - CORRECT ANSWER - Hyperstimulates mAChR
and nAChR leading to salivating, vomiting, tearing, urinating, defecating, convulsions and
tremors
Symptoms from OP nerve gas exposure - CORRECT ANSWER - Convulsions and
tremors
Muscle cramps
Bronchoconstriction
Salivation, lacrimation, urination
Paralysis
Death
Fasciculin - CORRECT ANSWER - A 61-residue polypeptide, from green mamba venom
and is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
Galantamine - CORRECT ANSWER - AChE inhibitor found in a small variety of plants,
one of them Narcissus, which is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
and other memory impairments
Increases ACh levels in the synapse to compensate for loss of neurons that produce ACh
