NUSCTX 11 (Toxicology) MT2 UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Organic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of... - CORRECT
ANSWER - plastics
William Perkin initiated the modern chemical industry with what invention? - CORRECT
ANSWER - By combining arsenic with aniline to generate a mauve dye
Which health outcome are aniline dye factory workers most at risk for? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Bladder cancer
What are the major goals of toxicology? - CORRECT ANSWER - To predict toxicity,
prevent poisonings and other harmful side effects, and to support public health goals of
preventing disease
What are the major issues that have
driven the rise in importance and
practice of toxicology? - CORRECT ANSWER - increase in synthetic industrial
chemicals, litigation, new drugs and medical devices, greater public awareness of adverse
effects, and mandatory testing and regulation of many chemicals
Give an example of a mass poisoning
episode. - CORRECT ANSWER - Thalidomide in western Europe causing 10k+ cases of
phocomelia
What is meant by the term 'exposome'. - CORRECT ANSWER - The sum of all toxic
chemicals in the environment which damage DNA as these are the true causes of disease
, what are excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how do
they work, i.e. what receptors do they bind to and what happens when they bind - CORRECT
ANSWER - Excitatory NTs cause Na and Ca2 channels to open and let in position ions,
making the inside of the neuron positive, creating a voltage spike. Reseting consumes a lot ATP
as these ions must be purged.
Inhibitory NTs prevent communication by binding and preventing any triggering of action
how do organophosphorus nerve agents like sarin cause their
symptoms and ultimately death? What enzyme do OPs inhibit, what happens as a result, and
what are the symptoms of inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWER - OPs destroy AChE which
prevents ACh from being broken down, leading to over-excitation of nicotinic and muscarinic
ACh receptors leading to dysfunctional motor control, memory, heart beat, and breathing. This
over-excitation eventually leads to internalization, leading to a complete loss of control of
functions directed by these neurotransmitters. The symptoms of this are convulsions, tremors,
bronchoconstriction, salivation, tearing, sweating, urination, defecation, paralysis, and eventually
death
how does inhibiting acetylcholinesterase help with Alzheimer's
disease? - CORRECT ANSWER - Alzheimer's is associated with a loss of ACh, and so
destroying AChE with galantamine increases the levels of ACh
What are antidotes to organophosphorus nerve agent
poisoning? - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Atropine is an antagonist for muscarinic ACh
receptors
2. 2-PAM can reactivate AChE
how does cocaine work? - CORRECT ANSWER - inhibit the uptake of dopamine,
serotonin, and norepinephrine. Increases in these NTs lead to hyperstimulation by all three.
how does heroin work? - CORRECT ANSWER - morphine diacetate is metabolized to
morphine and stimulates the opioid receptor, leading to general suppression of other neurons by
closing Ca2 channels
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Organic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of... - CORRECT
ANSWER - plastics
William Perkin initiated the modern chemical industry with what invention? - CORRECT
ANSWER - By combining arsenic with aniline to generate a mauve dye
Which health outcome are aniline dye factory workers most at risk for? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Bladder cancer
What are the major goals of toxicology? - CORRECT ANSWER - To predict toxicity,
prevent poisonings and other harmful side effects, and to support public health goals of
preventing disease
What are the major issues that have
driven the rise in importance and
practice of toxicology? - CORRECT ANSWER - increase in synthetic industrial
chemicals, litigation, new drugs and medical devices, greater public awareness of adverse
effects, and mandatory testing and regulation of many chemicals
Give an example of a mass poisoning
episode. - CORRECT ANSWER - Thalidomide in western Europe causing 10k+ cases of
phocomelia
What is meant by the term 'exposome'. - CORRECT ANSWER - The sum of all toxic
chemicals in the environment which damage DNA as these are the true causes of disease
, what are excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how do
they work, i.e. what receptors do they bind to and what happens when they bind - CORRECT
ANSWER - Excitatory NTs cause Na and Ca2 channels to open and let in position ions,
making the inside of the neuron positive, creating a voltage spike. Reseting consumes a lot ATP
as these ions must be purged.
Inhibitory NTs prevent communication by binding and preventing any triggering of action
how do organophosphorus nerve agents like sarin cause their
symptoms and ultimately death? What enzyme do OPs inhibit, what happens as a result, and
what are the symptoms of inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWER - OPs destroy AChE which
prevents ACh from being broken down, leading to over-excitation of nicotinic and muscarinic
ACh receptors leading to dysfunctional motor control, memory, heart beat, and breathing. This
over-excitation eventually leads to internalization, leading to a complete loss of control of
functions directed by these neurotransmitters. The symptoms of this are convulsions, tremors,
bronchoconstriction, salivation, tearing, sweating, urination, defecation, paralysis, and eventually
death
how does inhibiting acetylcholinesterase help with Alzheimer's
disease? - CORRECT ANSWER - Alzheimer's is associated with a loss of ACh, and so
destroying AChE with galantamine increases the levels of ACh
What are antidotes to organophosphorus nerve agent
poisoning? - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Atropine is an antagonist for muscarinic ACh
receptors
2. 2-PAM can reactivate AChE
how does cocaine work? - CORRECT ANSWER - inhibit the uptake of dopamine,
serotonin, and norepinephrine. Increases in these NTs lead to hyperstimulation by all three.
how does heroin work? - CORRECT ANSWER - morphine diacetate is metabolized to
morphine and stimulates the opioid receptor, leading to general suppression of other neurons by
closing Ca2 channels
