SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th
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Edition by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters
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1 – 28
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,Artificial Intelligence
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1 Introduction ...
2 Intelligent Agents ...
II Problem-solving
3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
4 Search in Complex Environments ...
5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
7 Logical Agents ...
8 First-Order Logic ...
9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
10 Knowledge Representation ...
11 Automated Planning ...
IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
15 Probabilistic Programming ...
16 Making Simple Decisions ...
17 Making Complex Decisions ...
18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
V Machine Learning

, 19 Learning from Examples ...
20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
21 Deep Learning ...
22 Reinforcement Learning ...
VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
23 Natural Language Processing ...
24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
25 Computer Vision ...
26 Robotics ...
VII Conclusions
27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
28 The Future of AI

, EXERCISES vb
1
INTRODUCTION
Note w that
w for many of the questions
w w in w w w w w w w w w w w w this chapter, w w



w w we givew references where
w answers can be w w ww w w w w w w w w found rather w w



than writing them out—the full answers w w w w ww would be
w w far too long. w w




1.1 What Is AI?

Exercise 1.1.#DEFA
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.


a. Dictionary definitions of w intelligence
w w talk
w about w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



w ―the
w capacity
w w to acquire w and w apply
w w w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w w



knowledge‖
w w or ―the faculty of w thought
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



and reason‖
w w or ―the ww ability to comprehend wand w profit w w w w w w w w w w w w



from
w w experience.‖ These are
w w all reasonable answers, w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



but w w if we want
w w something quantifiable
w w w w we
w w would w w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w w



use w w something like
w w ―thew w ability to act successfully w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww w w



across
w w a wide range w w of objectives
w w inw w complex
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



environments.‖
ww



b. We define w w artificial
w w intelligence as the
w w study
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



w and w construction
w w of agent w programs
w w that
w perform w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



wellw w in a given w w class w w of environments, for
w w w w a w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w



given
w w agent architecture; w w they w wdo the right w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



thing.
w w An important part w ofw that w is wdealing with ww w w w w w w w w w w w w



the
w uncertainty
w of whatw w the current state is, w w w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w w



what
w w the outcome w ofw possible
w w actions w might
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



wbe, and
w wwhat w is it wwthat we really
w w desire.
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



c. We define w an wagent as an entity wthat w takes action w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



inw response
w to percepts
w w from an envi- ronment. w w ww w w w w w w w w




d. We define w w rationality
w w as the property w w of w wa system w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



which
w w does
w w the ―right thing‖ w wgiven w w what it knows. w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w w



w See w Section
w w2.2 for a more complete
w w discussion. w w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w



The
w wbasic concept is
w w perfect
w w rationality; Sectionw w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



?? describes w the w impossibility of achieving perfect w rational-
w w w w w w w w w w w



ity
w and proposes
w an w alternative
w definition. ww w w w w w w



e. We define w w logical w w reasoning as the w w a process
w w of w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



deriving
w w new sentences from old,
w w such w w that the newww w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



sentences
w w are necessarily true if the w old w ones are w w w w w w ww w w w w w w



true.
w w (Notice that does w w not w w refer to any specific w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



syntax
ww or formal language, w wbut it does w require
w a well- w w w w w w w w w w w w w w



defined notion of truth.) w w w w ww

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