biol 227 Exam Study Material with Complete
Solutions
Metabolic pathway
organic molecules (glucose) are broken down by enzymes in a process that releasing potential
energy from bonds
Glucose oxidation
step-by-step enzymatic breakdown of glucose that provides energy used to synthesize ATP
Cellular Respiration
Mechanism of ATP synthesis
Two mechanisms of ATP synthesis
Substrate-level phosphorylation &Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
-PO43- transferred directly from a substance (substrate) to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
-Chemiosmotic process
Couples ATP formation to H+ movement
How ATP is made
Glycolysis
•1 Glucose → 2 Pyruvate
•Produces energy for 2ATP and 2NADH
•Only step that occurs in the cytosol
•Does not require O2 (anaerobic)
,•Metabolic pathway (10 enzymes)
Citric Acid/Krebs/TCA Cycle
•Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
•Requires O2
•9 Steps
2 (Acetyl CoA + 1 ADP +3NAD+ + 1 FAD → 2CO2 + CoA + ATP + 3 NADH + FADH2)
Electron Transport System
•Transfer of electrons (energy) from NADH and FADH2 into kinetic energy that can be used to
synthesize ATP
•Requires O2
•Occurs in cristae (inner folded membrane) of mitochondria
[10 NADH + 2 FADH2] + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 34 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration Purpose
regeneration of NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can continue
Tissues
Groups of similar cells and extracellular matrix that perform a common function
Histology
the study of tissues
Four types of tissues
•Epithelial
•Connective
•Muscle
•Nervous
,Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
•Cellularity
•Composed of tightly packed cells
•Cells > extracellular matrix
•Polarity
•Apical surface
•Basal surface
•Basement Membrane Attachment
•3 noncellular layers
•Exist between epithelium and underlying CT
•Function: glue, selective barrier
•High regeneration capacity
•High rate of cell division
•Frequent mitosis of basal cells
•Avascularity
•No blood vessels
•Extensive innervation
•Two types
•Covering and lining
Glandular
functions of epithelial tissue
physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations
, Classification of Epithelial Tissue Simple
•Single layer
•All cells contact basement membrane
•Function: filtration, absorption, and secretion
•Low protective function
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Stratified
•Multiple layers
•Function: more structural support or protection
•Basal cells continuously regenerate
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified
•Single layer, appears multi-layered
•Nuclei at different levels
•All cells contact basement membrane, but not all cells reach apical surface
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Squamous
•Flat, wide, irregularly shaped cells
•Flat central nucleus
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal
•Even dimensions (equal height and width)
•Spherical central nucleus
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Columnar
•Tall, thin cells
•Oval nucleus
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Transitional
•Apical cells change shape in response to stretch
Solutions
Metabolic pathway
organic molecules (glucose) are broken down by enzymes in a process that releasing potential
energy from bonds
Glucose oxidation
step-by-step enzymatic breakdown of glucose that provides energy used to synthesize ATP
Cellular Respiration
Mechanism of ATP synthesis
Two mechanisms of ATP synthesis
Substrate-level phosphorylation &Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
-PO43- transferred directly from a substance (substrate) to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
-Chemiosmotic process
Couples ATP formation to H+ movement
How ATP is made
Glycolysis
•1 Glucose → 2 Pyruvate
•Produces energy for 2ATP and 2NADH
•Only step that occurs in the cytosol
•Does not require O2 (anaerobic)
,•Metabolic pathway (10 enzymes)
Citric Acid/Krebs/TCA Cycle
•Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
•Requires O2
•9 Steps
2 (Acetyl CoA + 1 ADP +3NAD+ + 1 FAD → 2CO2 + CoA + ATP + 3 NADH + FADH2)
Electron Transport System
•Transfer of electrons (energy) from NADH and FADH2 into kinetic energy that can be used to
synthesize ATP
•Requires O2
•Occurs in cristae (inner folded membrane) of mitochondria
[10 NADH + 2 FADH2] + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 34 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration Purpose
regeneration of NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can continue
Tissues
Groups of similar cells and extracellular matrix that perform a common function
Histology
the study of tissues
Four types of tissues
•Epithelial
•Connective
•Muscle
•Nervous
,Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
•Cellularity
•Composed of tightly packed cells
•Cells > extracellular matrix
•Polarity
•Apical surface
•Basal surface
•Basement Membrane Attachment
•3 noncellular layers
•Exist between epithelium and underlying CT
•Function: glue, selective barrier
•High regeneration capacity
•High rate of cell division
•Frequent mitosis of basal cells
•Avascularity
•No blood vessels
•Extensive innervation
•Two types
•Covering and lining
Glandular
functions of epithelial tissue
physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations
, Classification of Epithelial Tissue Simple
•Single layer
•All cells contact basement membrane
•Function: filtration, absorption, and secretion
•Low protective function
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Stratified
•Multiple layers
•Function: more structural support or protection
•Basal cells continuously regenerate
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified
•Single layer, appears multi-layered
•Nuclei at different levels
•All cells contact basement membrane, but not all cells reach apical surface
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Squamous
•Flat, wide, irregularly shaped cells
•Flat central nucleus
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal
•Even dimensions (equal height and width)
•Spherical central nucleus
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Columnar
•Tall, thin cells
•Oval nucleus
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Transitional
•Apical cells change shape in response to stretch
