BIOD351
Pharmacology
Final Test Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following routes of administration has the fastest
onset of action?
- A. Oral
- B. Intravenous (IV)
- C. Subcutaneous (SC)
- D. Intramuscular (IM)
ANS: B. Intravenous (IV)
©/2025
, Rationale: The intravenous route allows the drug to be
administered directly into the bloodstream, providing the fastest
onset of action compared to other routes.
2. Which phase of drug metabolism is primarily responsible for
the introduction of a functional group to increase drug solubility?
- A. Phase I
- B. Phase II
- C. Phase III
- D. Phase IV
ANS: A. Phase I
Rationale: Phase I reactions involve the introduction of
functional groups (e.g., hydroxylation) through processes like
oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to increase drug solubility.
3. Which of the following terms describes the time required for
the concentration of a drug to reach half of its original value?
- A. Bioavailability
- B. First-pass metabolism
- C. Half-life
- D. Therapeutic index
©/2025
, ANS: C. Half-life
Rationale: The half-life of a drug is the time required for its
concentration in the blood to reduce by half, reflecting the drug's
duration of action and rate of elimination.
4. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
- A. Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors
- B. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
- C. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
- D. Activation of muscarinic receptors
ANS: C. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
Rationale: Beta-blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic
receptors, which reduces heart rate and blood pressure, and
decreases the workload on the heart.
5. Which of the following is an example of a prodrug?
- A. Aspirin
- B. Codeine
- C. Ibuprofen
- D. Morphine
©/2025
, ANS: B. Codeine
Rationale: Codeine is a prodrug that is metabolized in the
body to its active form, morphine, which provides analgesic
effects.
6. Which of the following best describes the concept of
"therapeutic window"?
- A. The difference between the toxic dose and the effective
dose
- B. The time it takes for a drug to be completely eliminated
from the body
- C. The rate at which a drug is absorbed
- D. The extent to which a drug binds to plasma proteins
ANS: A. The difference between the toxic dose and the
effective dose
Rationale: The therapeutic window refers to the range of
doses between the minimum effective dose and the minimum
toxic dose, indicating the safety margin of a drug.
7. Which enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of
many drugs in the liver?
- A. Cytochrome P450
©/2025
Pharmacology
Final Test Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following routes of administration has the fastest
onset of action?
- A. Oral
- B. Intravenous (IV)
- C. Subcutaneous (SC)
- D. Intramuscular (IM)
ANS: B. Intravenous (IV)
©/2025
, Rationale: The intravenous route allows the drug to be
administered directly into the bloodstream, providing the fastest
onset of action compared to other routes.
2. Which phase of drug metabolism is primarily responsible for
the introduction of a functional group to increase drug solubility?
- A. Phase I
- B. Phase II
- C. Phase III
- D. Phase IV
ANS: A. Phase I
Rationale: Phase I reactions involve the introduction of
functional groups (e.g., hydroxylation) through processes like
oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to increase drug solubility.
3. Which of the following terms describes the time required for
the concentration of a drug to reach half of its original value?
- A. Bioavailability
- B. First-pass metabolism
- C. Half-life
- D. Therapeutic index
©/2025
, ANS: C. Half-life
Rationale: The half-life of a drug is the time required for its
concentration in the blood to reduce by half, reflecting the drug's
duration of action and rate of elimination.
4. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
- A. Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors
- B. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
- C. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
- D. Activation of muscarinic receptors
ANS: C. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
Rationale: Beta-blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic
receptors, which reduces heart rate and blood pressure, and
decreases the workload on the heart.
5. Which of the following is an example of a prodrug?
- A. Aspirin
- B. Codeine
- C. Ibuprofen
- D. Morphine
©/2025
, ANS: B. Codeine
Rationale: Codeine is a prodrug that is metabolized in the
body to its active form, morphine, which provides analgesic
effects.
6. Which of the following best describes the concept of
"therapeutic window"?
- A. The difference between the toxic dose and the effective
dose
- B. The time it takes for a drug to be completely eliminated
from the body
- C. The rate at which a drug is absorbed
- D. The extent to which a drug binds to plasma proteins
ANS: A. The difference between the toxic dose and the
effective dose
Rationale: The therapeutic window refers to the range of
doses between the minimum effective dose and the minimum
toxic dose, indicating the safety margin of a drug.
7. Which enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of
many drugs in the liver?
- A. Cytochrome P450
©/2025
