BIO 340 Questions And Answers With Verified
Solutions Graded A+ Latest Update 2025.
poly-A tail - ANSWER a long chain of Adenine nucleotides that is added to mRNA. Increases
stability of molecule & reduce degradation.
Regulatory sequence - ANSWER segment of a nucleic acid (DNA) molecule capable of
increasing of decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism.
Open Reading Frame - ANSWER a portion of DNA molecule that is transcribed into amino
acids, it has no stop codons/
Enhancer - ANSWER sequences are regulatory DNA sequences that bond to transcription
factors in order to enhances the transcription of an associated gene.
Post-transcription modification: - ANSWER the process that turn pre-mRNA into mature
mRNA including splicing at introns, exons and the addition of the 3' cap + poly-a-tail.
Translation - ANSWER the making of protein after transcription utilizing RNA as a template
and ribosomes to recruit amino acids
5' cap - ANSWER a modified guanine nucleotide that enables ribosomes to bind and protects
from degradation and possibly recruits ribosomes
Promoter - ANSWER controls that binding of the RNA polymerase to the DNA, Also contains
two elements; proximal and core
Proximal - ANSWER the proximal is near the start site of transcription. Contains primary and
regulatory elements.
Exon - ANSWER coding region of nucleotides in DNA sequence that code for amino acid in a
protein.
Intron - ANSWER nucleotide sequence that are alternatively spliced depending on the needs of
the cell.
Core - ANSWER start DNA sequence known as the TATA box that indicates where the genetics
sequence can be read and decoded.
Silencer - ANSWER DNA sequence capable of binding transcriptions on regulation factors
called repressors
Mature RNA - ANSWER RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready to be
translated contains exons + 5'cap and poly-a-tail
start - ANSWER marks the location where protein translation begins; MET
stop - ANSWER marks the location where protein translation stops ; no amino acid
, 5' UTR - ANSWER the beginning codon of the DNA molecule that is not translated
Benefits of being a Eukaryote vs Prokaryote - ANSWER 1. Eukaroytes have less mutations
2. Alternative splicing of RNA results in diverse proteins
3. Increased adaptability
4. slower protein production
5. slower response to stimuli compared to prokaryotes
4 types of biological macromolecules - ANSWER 1. nucleic acids
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER 1. polymer of nucleotides
2. two different kinds: DNA AND RNA
Chromosomes are made tightly packaged DNA - ANSWER DNA is wound around proteins
called histones
specific location on a chromosomes - ANSWER locus
difference between gene and genome? - ANSWER gene genome: the whole thing
Difference between DNA and RNA - ANSWER - DNA: contains deoxyribose with OH and H
- RNA: contains ribose sugar with two OH groups
DNA replication is _____ - ANSWER semiconservative; each of the two progeny double
helices have one parental and one new strand
Draw a replication fork - ANSWER
Detecting DNA mutation - ANSWER use the original strand and identify what bases aren't the
same
DNA mutation/mismatch - ANSWER a mismatch is detected in a newly synthesized DNA, the
mispaired nucleotide is removed and the missing pair is replaced and ligase seals the gap
missense mutation - ANSWER inappropiately functional or nonfunctional protein
point mutation - ANSWER inappropiately functional, non function, or functional protein
Bacteriophage - ANSWER a virus that infects bacterial cells
Genes - ANSWER units of inheritance that can be passed down from parents to offspring
Purines - ANSWER Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines - ANSWER Cytosine and Thymine
Solutions Graded A+ Latest Update 2025.
poly-A tail - ANSWER a long chain of Adenine nucleotides that is added to mRNA. Increases
stability of molecule & reduce degradation.
Regulatory sequence - ANSWER segment of a nucleic acid (DNA) molecule capable of
increasing of decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism.
Open Reading Frame - ANSWER a portion of DNA molecule that is transcribed into amino
acids, it has no stop codons/
Enhancer - ANSWER sequences are regulatory DNA sequences that bond to transcription
factors in order to enhances the transcription of an associated gene.
Post-transcription modification: - ANSWER the process that turn pre-mRNA into mature
mRNA including splicing at introns, exons and the addition of the 3' cap + poly-a-tail.
Translation - ANSWER the making of protein after transcription utilizing RNA as a template
and ribosomes to recruit amino acids
5' cap - ANSWER a modified guanine nucleotide that enables ribosomes to bind and protects
from degradation and possibly recruits ribosomes
Promoter - ANSWER controls that binding of the RNA polymerase to the DNA, Also contains
two elements; proximal and core
Proximal - ANSWER the proximal is near the start site of transcription. Contains primary and
regulatory elements.
Exon - ANSWER coding region of nucleotides in DNA sequence that code for amino acid in a
protein.
Intron - ANSWER nucleotide sequence that are alternatively spliced depending on the needs of
the cell.
Core - ANSWER start DNA sequence known as the TATA box that indicates where the genetics
sequence can be read and decoded.
Silencer - ANSWER DNA sequence capable of binding transcriptions on regulation factors
called repressors
Mature RNA - ANSWER RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready to be
translated contains exons + 5'cap and poly-a-tail
start - ANSWER marks the location where protein translation begins; MET
stop - ANSWER marks the location where protein translation stops ; no amino acid
, 5' UTR - ANSWER the beginning codon of the DNA molecule that is not translated
Benefits of being a Eukaryote vs Prokaryote - ANSWER 1. Eukaroytes have less mutations
2. Alternative splicing of RNA results in diverse proteins
3. Increased adaptability
4. slower protein production
5. slower response to stimuli compared to prokaryotes
4 types of biological macromolecules - ANSWER 1. nucleic acids
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER 1. polymer of nucleotides
2. two different kinds: DNA AND RNA
Chromosomes are made tightly packaged DNA - ANSWER DNA is wound around proteins
called histones
specific location on a chromosomes - ANSWER locus
difference between gene and genome? - ANSWER gene genome: the whole thing
Difference between DNA and RNA - ANSWER - DNA: contains deoxyribose with OH and H
- RNA: contains ribose sugar with two OH groups
DNA replication is _____ - ANSWER semiconservative; each of the two progeny double
helices have one parental and one new strand
Draw a replication fork - ANSWER
Detecting DNA mutation - ANSWER use the original strand and identify what bases aren't the
same
DNA mutation/mismatch - ANSWER a mismatch is detected in a newly synthesized DNA, the
mispaired nucleotide is removed and the missing pair is replaced and ligase seals the gap
missense mutation - ANSWER inappropiately functional or nonfunctional protein
point mutation - ANSWER inappropiately functional, non function, or functional protein
Bacteriophage - ANSWER a virus that infects bacterial cells
Genes - ANSWER units of inheritance that can be passed down from parents to offspring
Purines - ANSWER Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines - ANSWER Cytosine and Thymine
