BIOS 255 EXAM 3
1. Describe Boyle's law
Answer:
-pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
-Describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation
2. Describe the complement system in detail
Answer:
-a group of 30 or more globularproteins that make powerful contributions to both innate
immunity and adaptive immunity
-complement the action of antibodies
-pathways to complement activation:
classical: activates only after an antigen-antibody complex is formed and is part ofadaptive
immunity
alternative and lectin: part of innate immune system and bind directly to tumor cellsand
pathogens without the need of antibody-antigen complexes
-enhances chemotaxis, phagocytosis, inflammation, and the destruction of cells viamembrane
attack complexes
3. Describe the control of the dorsal respiratory group neurons on respiration
Answer:
-Modifies the rate and depth of breathing
-controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering inspiratory impulses
-neurons send impulses to the motor nerves of diaphragm and external intercostalmuscles
4. Describe the processes of exhalation and inhalation during eupnea (and identify the
muscles involved).
Answer:
-inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 sec, expiratoryneurons fire for about 3 sec
-Normal quiet breathing
-diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
5. Anatomy of the larynx Figure 22.4 (a, b)
Answer:
-Corniculate cartilage
-Thyroid cartilage
-Epiglottis
-Cricoid cartilage
6. Describe the role of antigen presenting cells in immunity
Answer:
, -alert the immunesystem to presence of foreign antigen
-detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune response about an infection
-when a pathogen is detected, APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it toform many
different fragments of the antigen
7. Describe the effect of reduced ph due to build up of CO2 on oxygen hemoglobin affinity
as well as the delivery of oxygen to tissues.
Answer: increase inCO2 results in a decrease in blood pH, resulting in hemoglobin proteins
releasingtheir load of oxygen
-a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, which results in hemoglobin picking
up more oxygen
8. Describe Autoimmune diseases and self tolerance.
Answer: Autoimmune diseases:failures of self-tolerance;
Immune system does not correctly distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones;Produces
autoantibodies that attack body's own tissues
Self-tolerance: restraint from attacking the body's own tissues
9. Identify and label components of the lymphatic system.
Answer: Primary:
-Red bone marrow
-Thymus Secondary:
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils
-Spleen
10. Describe Red bone marrow
Answer:
-involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) andimmunity
-Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material
-B-cell maturation
11. Describe the Lymph nodes
Answer:
-most numerous lymphatic organs
-removes unwanted waste
-B-cells and T-cells activation site
12. Describe the Tonsils
Answer:
-found in pharynx
-helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances
-Pharyngeal tonsils
-Palatine tonsils
-Lingual tonsils
1. Describe Boyle's law
Answer:
-pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
-Describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation
2. Describe the complement system in detail
Answer:
-a group of 30 or more globularproteins that make powerful contributions to both innate
immunity and adaptive immunity
-complement the action of antibodies
-pathways to complement activation:
classical: activates only after an antigen-antibody complex is formed and is part ofadaptive
immunity
alternative and lectin: part of innate immune system and bind directly to tumor cellsand
pathogens without the need of antibody-antigen complexes
-enhances chemotaxis, phagocytosis, inflammation, and the destruction of cells viamembrane
attack complexes
3. Describe the control of the dorsal respiratory group neurons on respiration
Answer:
-Modifies the rate and depth of breathing
-controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering inspiratory impulses
-neurons send impulses to the motor nerves of diaphragm and external intercostalmuscles
4. Describe the processes of exhalation and inhalation during eupnea (and identify the
muscles involved).
Answer:
-inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 sec, expiratoryneurons fire for about 3 sec
-Normal quiet breathing
-diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
5. Anatomy of the larynx Figure 22.4 (a, b)
Answer:
-Corniculate cartilage
-Thyroid cartilage
-Epiglottis
-Cricoid cartilage
6. Describe the role of antigen presenting cells in immunity
Answer:
, -alert the immunesystem to presence of foreign antigen
-detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune response about an infection
-when a pathogen is detected, APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it toform many
different fragments of the antigen
7. Describe the effect of reduced ph due to build up of CO2 on oxygen hemoglobin affinity
as well as the delivery of oxygen to tissues.
Answer: increase inCO2 results in a decrease in blood pH, resulting in hemoglobin proteins
releasingtheir load of oxygen
-a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, which results in hemoglobin picking
up more oxygen
8. Describe Autoimmune diseases and self tolerance.
Answer: Autoimmune diseases:failures of self-tolerance;
Immune system does not correctly distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones;Produces
autoantibodies that attack body's own tissues
Self-tolerance: restraint from attacking the body's own tissues
9. Identify and label components of the lymphatic system.
Answer: Primary:
-Red bone marrow
-Thymus Secondary:
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils
-Spleen
10. Describe Red bone marrow
Answer:
-involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) andimmunity
-Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material
-B-cell maturation
11. Describe the Lymph nodes
Answer:
-most numerous lymphatic organs
-removes unwanted waste
-B-cells and T-cells activation site
12. Describe the Tonsils
Answer:
-found in pharynx
-helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances
-Pharyngeal tonsils
-Palatine tonsils
-Lingual tonsils
