BIOD 152 EXAM 5
1. Locate the tonsils and describe their function
Answer: The tonsils (palatine tonsils)are a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral,
posterior portions of the throat.The tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food.
2. What is the purpose of the nonspecific immune system?
Answer: It serves as a first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent
pathogens from entering the body. The nonspecific immune system response is the same toall
threats that attempt to enter the body. This generalized defense system rapidlydestroys large
numbers of pathogens
3. What is the purpose of the specific immune system?
Answer: The specific immunesystem is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens.
The main lymphocytes involved in specific immune responses are the T cells and the B cells.
Both specific and nonspecific immune responses will be discussed here to give an overview
of how the body reacts to an invasion from a foreign attack.
4. Discuss one body system involved in the nonspecific immune response
Answer: -Examples: Skin, tears, sweat, normal flora, inflammatory response, fevers
5. What is swelling and why does it occur?
Answer: Tissue swelling dilates blood vessels in the affected area to help increase the number
of immune cells responding tothe infection. The increase of blood also causes redness and
pain, helping to bringa conscious awareness of the infection.
6. What are the two types of cytokines
Answer: The two main groups of cytokines includeinterferons and interleukins
7. What cells produce cytokines?
Answer: Both types of cytokines are produced by avariety of immune cells, including
macrophages, T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts
8. What is the purpose of interferons?
Answer: Interferons inhibit viral replication andassist in activating natural killer cells
9. What is the purpose of interleukins?
Answer: The group of interleukins function as chemical activators and signals in the body to
increase the immune response.Thereare many subtypes of interleukins that function to activate
different types of immunecells.
10. What are pyrogens?
Answer: During an infection, certain types of interleukins celled pyrogens reset the body's
thermostat in the hypothalamus. The temperature set-pointduring homeostasis (normal body
temperature) is raised to create a fever.
, 11. How does a fever help the body?
Answer: Fevers help the body fight infection by interfering with the growth and replication of
pathogens. Fevers also causes lysosomes,an organelle inside cells, to break down.The lysosomes
release digestives enzymesthat lyse (destroy a cell) infected by a virus. In addition, fevers can
promote the activity of white blood cells. Mild fevers of short duration can assist in recovery.
12. What are two subtypes of white blood cells?
Answer: Agranulocytes and granulocytes
13. Describe the major purpose of neutrophils
Answer: Neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections, especially those that involve
bacteria. Neutrophils use phagocytosis to destroy foreign cells and pathogens.
14. What are the steps of phagocytosis?
Answer: A cell, such as a neutrophil, recognizesa pathogen by its cell surface receptors. The
neutrophil then binds to the pathogenand brings it inside the cell forming a vacuole.The vacuole
fuses with cell lysosomeswhich release digestive enzymes to destroy, the contents are released
from the cell.
15. What do eosinophils do?
Answer: Eosinophils respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. As a granulocyte,
eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis
16. What do basophils release?
Answer: Histamines and heparin
17. Monocytes transform into when the migrate into the tissue from theblood
Answer: Macrophages
18. Describe the structure of a B cell and how it becomes activated
Answer: each B cellis genetically programmed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its
cell coat.Each receptor binds with specific type of antigen. B cells become activated when an
antigen binds with its receptor. Once activated it is now called a plasma cell.
19. What do plasma cells do?
Answer: Each plasma cell produces antibodies, which is asoluble form of the glycoprotein
receptor from the B cell's surface. After the antibodyis released, it binds to the invading antigen
to causes it to be inactive or mark it fordestruction
20. What are memory B cells?
Answer: Some activated B cells become memory B cells which continue to produce a small
amount of antibody even after the infection is over.If the same pathogen enters the body again,
the antibody immediately binds with the antigen. The memory B cells can produce a specific
antibody much faster and targets it for destruction at a much faster rate the second time a
pathogen invadesthe body.
1. Locate the tonsils and describe their function
Answer: The tonsils (palatine tonsils)are a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral,
posterior portions of the throat.The tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food.
2. What is the purpose of the nonspecific immune system?
Answer: It serves as a first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent
pathogens from entering the body. The nonspecific immune system response is the same toall
threats that attempt to enter the body. This generalized defense system rapidlydestroys large
numbers of pathogens
3. What is the purpose of the specific immune system?
Answer: The specific immunesystem is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens.
The main lymphocytes involved in specific immune responses are the T cells and the B cells.
Both specific and nonspecific immune responses will be discussed here to give an overview
of how the body reacts to an invasion from a foreign attack.
4. Discuss one body system involved in the nonspecific immune response
Answer: -Examples: Skin, tears, sweat, normal flora, inflammatory response, fevers
5. What is swelling and why does it occur?
Answer: Tissue swelling dilates blood vessels in the affected area to help increase the number
of immune cells responding tothe infection. The increase of blood also causes redness and
pain, helping to bringa conscious awareness of the infection.
6. What are the two types of cytokines
Answer: The two main groups of cytokines includeinterferons and interleukins
7. What cells produce cytokines?
Answer: Both types of cytokines are produced by avariety of immune cells, including
macrophages, T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts
8. What is the purpose of interferons?
Answer: Interferons inhibit viral replication andassist in activating natural killer cells
9. What is the purpose of interleukins?
Answer: The group of interleukins function as chemical activators and signals in the body to
increase the immune response.Thereare many subtypes of interleukins that function to activate
different types of immunecells.
10. What are pyrogens?
Answer: During an infection, certain types of interleukins celled pyrogens reset the body's
thermostat in the hypothalamus. The temperature set-pointduring homeostasis (normal body
temperature) is raised to create a fever.
, 11. How does a fever help the body?
Answer: Fevers help the body fight infection by interfering with the growth and replication of
pathogens. Fevers also causes lysosomes,an organelle inside cells, to break down.The lysosomes
release digestives enzymesthat lyse (destroy a cell) infected by a virus. In addition, fevers can
promote the activity of white blood cells. Mild fevers of short duration can assist in recovery.
12. What are two subtypes of white blood cells?
Answer: Agranulocytes and granulocytes
13. Describe the major purpose of neutrophils
Answer: Neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections, especially those that involve
bacteria. Neutrophils use phagocytosis to destroy foreign cells and pathogens.
14. What are the steps of phagocytosis?
Answer: A cell, such as a neutrophil, recognizesa pathogen by its cell surface receptors. The
neutrophil then binds to the pathogenand brings it inside the cell forming a vacuole.The vacuole
fuses with cell lysosomeswhich release digestive enzymes to destroy, the contents are released
from the cell.
15. What do eosinophils do?
Answer: Eosinophils respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. As a granulocyte,
eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis
16. What do basophils release?
Answer: Histamines and heparin
17. Monocytes transform into when the migrate into the tissue from theblood
Answer: Macrophages
18. Describe the structure of a B cell and how it becomes activated
Answer: each B cellis genetically programmed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its
cell coat.Each receptor binds with specific type of antigen. B cells become activated when an
antigen binds with its receptor. Once activated it is now called a plasma cell.
19. What do plasma cells do?
Answer: Each plasma cell produces antibodies, which is asoluble form of the glycoprotein
receptor from the B cell's surface. After the antibodyis released, it binds to the invading antigen
to causes it to be inactive or mark it fordestruction
20. What are memory B cells?
Answer: Some activated B cells become memory B cells which continue to produce a small
amount of antibody even after the infection is over.If the same pathogen enters the body again,
the antibody immediately binds with the antigen. The memory B cells can produce a specific
antibody much faster and targets it for destruction at a much faster rate the second time a
pathogen invadesthe body.
