PARAMEDIC EXAM 2 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
How sodium channel blocker meds work, specifically how they affect phase zero of the cardiac
depolarization? - Depolarization: Is due to the influx of Sodium (Na+) which causes the cell's internal
membrane to become more positive, leading to an action potential.
Repolarization: Occurs when Potassium (K+) leaves the cell causing the interior of the cell to become
negative again.
How to protect yourself from a violent patient, what's the first thing we have to give ourselves? -
Space
The four lobes of the brain - Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobes, Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe of the brain - Involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language.
Parietal Lobe of the brain - Its functions in processing sensory information regarding the location of
parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and
mathematics.
Temporal Lobes of the brain - Process sensory input. Its functions involved primary auditory
perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex.
Occipital Lobe of the brain - Processes visual processing center
What the management of lye ingestion is? - Transport, nothing we can do for them
Three methods of evaluating the heart rate off an EKG strip - 10 second rule
R to R
Count all of the little boxes and divide by 1,500 (this one is the most accurate)
SA Node: 60-100 beats per minute
AV Node: 40-60 beats per minute
,Purkinje Fibers: 15-40 beats per minute
Causes of pulmonary of emboli? - Perfusion Ventilation Ratio is what is affected when PE happens.
Perfusion ventilation ratio is mismatch
A blood clot in one of the pulmonary arteries
Also can cause right side heart failure.
Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis - Caused by a lung disorder or issue with exhalation
Metabolic of consequences of both vomiting and diarrhea - Causes hypokalemia ( metabolic acidosis)
and renal loss of potassium secondary to salt-wasting nephropathy. Metabolic acidosis is a buildup of
acid in the body that originates in the kidneys. It occurs when your body can't get rid of excess acid
or loses too much base. Water and electrolytes are lost when there is vomiting. These losses cause
dehydration (due to the loss of water and sodium chloride), metabolic acidosis (due to the loss of
bicarbonate), and potassium depletion. Metabolic alkalosis leads to an increased blood pH- resulting
if untreated in coma or death. When metabolic acidosis occurs your kidneys and lungs can't keep
your body's pH in balance. Acidosis (blood that's too acidic), pH of less than 7.35- Alkalosis( blood
that's too basic) pH of higher than 7.45. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis- caused by a lung disorder or
issue with exhalation Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis- problem with the functioning of the kidneys
Generic and trade names of TCA meds Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)? - amitriptyline (Elavil),
amoxapine, clomipramine (Anafranil), desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine
(Tofranil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), protriptyline (Vivactil)
Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis - Problem with the functioning of the kidneys
What is the Jejunum - The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract
between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes
place.
If you are to ingest a poison or toxin, where would it be absorbed? - Second part of the small
intestine - jejunum
What are the three distinct regions of the small intestine? - Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.
Types of consent? - Informed, Expressed, Implied, Involuntary, Minor, Emancipated Minor, Withdraw
, What is gestational diabetes? - ● Increase insulin production and decrease glucose tolerance
● Hypoglycemia emergency
▪ Alter mental status
▪ Diaphoresis tachycardia
▪ Critically low BGL, pt. may sustain hypoglycemic seizure or comatose
● Hyperglycemia emergency
▪ larger fetus development (difficult to deliver)
Informed consent - Consent given based on full disclosure of information. A patient must understand
the nature, risk, and benefits of any procedures to be performed.
Expressed consent - Occurs when a person directly grants permission to treat, it could be verbally,
nonverbally, or in writing.
Involuntary consent - A court will order patients to undergo treatment, even though they may not
want it.
Implied consent - "Emergency doctrine" It is assumed that the patient would want lifesaving
treatment if they were able to give informed consent.
Minor consent - Consent should be obtained from a parent, legal guardian, or court-appointed
custodian.
Emancipated Minor - Is considered an adult, if this person under 18 year of age who is married,
pregnant, a parent, a member of the arm forces, or financially independent and living away from
home.
Withdrawal of consent - Refusal, a competent adult my withdraw consent for any treatment at any
time, refusal must be informed. The patient must understand the risks of not continuing treatment of
transport to the hospital in terms they can fully understand.
How does the hypoxic drive work? - Hypoxia is a state of insufficient oxygen. An increase in carbon
dioxide will cause chemoreceptor reflexes to trigger an increase in ventilation stimulating a person to
breathe on the basis of low oxygen levels.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
How sodium channel blocker meds work, specifically how they affect phase zero of the cardiac
depolarization? - Depolarization: Is due to the influx of Sodium (Na+) which causes the cell's internal
membrane to become more positive, leading to an action potential.
Repolarization: Occurs when Potassium (K+) leaves the cell causing the interior of the cell to become
negative again.
How to protect yourself from a violent patient, what's the first thing we have to give ourselves? -
Space
The four lobes of the brain - Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobes, Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe of the brain - Involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language.
Parietal Lobe of the brain - Its functions in processing sensory information regarding the location of
parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and
mathematics.
Temporal Lobes of the brain - Process sensory input. Its functions involved primary auditory
perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex.
Occipital Lobe of the brain - Processes visual processing center
What the management of lye ingestion is? - Transport, nothing we can do for them
Three methods of evaluating the heart rate off an EKG strip - 10 second rule
R to R
Count all of the little boxes and divide by 1,500 (this one is the most accurate)
SA Node: 60-100 beats per minute
AV Node: 40-60 beats per minute
,Purkinje Fibers: 15-40 beats per minute
Causes of pulmonary of emboli? - Perfusion Ventilation Ratio is what is affected when PE happens.
Perfusion ventilation ratio is mismatch
A blood clot in one of the pulmonary arteries
Also can cause right side heart failure.
Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis - Caused by a lung disorder or issue with exhalation
Metabolic of consequences of both vomiting and diarrhea - Causes hypokalemia ( metabolic acidosis)
and renal loss of potassium secondary to salt-wasting nephropathy. Metabolic acidosis is a buildup of
acid in the body that originates in the kidneys. It occurs when your body can't get rid of excess acid
or loses too much base. Water and electrolytes are lost when there is vomiting. These losses cause
dehydration (due to the loss of water and sodium chloride), metabolic acidosis (due to the loss of
bicarbonate), and potassium depletion. Metabolic alkalosis leads to an increased blood pH- resulting
if untreated in coma or death. When metabolic acidosis occurs your kidneys and lungs can't keep
your body's pH in balance. Acidosis (blood that's too acidic), pH of less than 7.35- Alkalosis( blood
that's too basic) pH of higher than 7.45. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis- caused by a lung disorder or
issue with exhalation Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis- problem with the functioning of the kidneys
Generic and trade names of TCA meds Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)? - amitriptyline (Elavil),
amoxapine, clomipramine (Anafranil), desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine
(Tofranil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), protriptyline (Vivactil)
Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis - Problem with the functioning of the kidneys
What is the Jejunum - The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract
between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes
place.
If you are to ingest a poison or toxin, where would it be absorbed? - Second part of the small
intestine - jejunum
What are the three distinct regions of the small intestine? - Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.
Types of consent? - Informed, Expressed, Implied, Involuntary, Minor, Emancipated Minor, Withdraw
, What is gestational diabetes? - ● Increase insulin production and decrease glucose tolerance
● Hypoglycemia emergency
▪ Alter mental status
▪ Diaphoresis tachycardia
▪ Critically low BGL, pt. may sustain hypoglycemic seizure or comatose
● Hyperglycemia emergency
▪ larger fetus development (difficult to deliver)
Informed consent - Consent given based on full disclosure of information. A patient must understand
the nature, risk, and benefits of any procedures to be performed.
Expressed consent - Occurs when a person directly grants permission to treat, it could be verbally,
nonverbally, or in writing.
Involuntary consent - A court will order patients to undergo treatment, even though they may not
want it.
Implied consent - "Emergency doctrine" It is assumed that the patient would want lifesaving
treatment if they were able to give informed consent.
Minor consent - Consent should be obtained from a parent, legal guardian, or court-appointed
custodian.
Emancipated Minor - Is considered an adult, if this person under 18 year of age who is married,
pregnant, a parent, a member of the arm forces, or financially independent and living away from
home.
Withdrawal of consent - Refusal, a competent adult my withdraw consent for any treatment at any
time, refusal must be informed. The patient must understand the risks of not continuing treatment of
transport to the hospital in terms they can fully understand.
How does the hypoxic drive work? - Hypoxia is a state of insufficient oxygen. An increase in carbon
dioxide will cause chemoreceptor reflexes to trigger an increase in ventilation stimulating a person to
breathe on the basis of low oxygen levels.
