Understanding Patho: Quiz 3 -
Endocrine System: Exam 2 Questions
and verified answers
Hyperparathyroidism may be what three causes and is characterized by? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-primary,
secondary or tertiary.
characterized by a greater-than-normal secretion of PTH.
What causes hypoparathyroidism? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-abnormally low PTH is caused by thyroid
surgery, autoimmunity or genetic mechanisms.
5 functions of the endocrine system.
the first is differentiation of ___________ and ____________ in fetus. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-differentiation
of reproductive system & CNS in fetus
The second function is stimulation of: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-stimulation of growth & development
(maturation).
The third function of the endocrine system is coordination of what systems? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-
coordination of the male and female reproductive systems (secretion).
The fourth function of the endocrine system is maintenance of: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-maintenance of
internal environment.
The fifth function of the endocrine system in adaption to: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-adaption to emergency
demands of body. Allows for increased efficiency & mobilization of energy stores to manage stress.
The endocrine system affects __________ cells in the body. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-nearly every cell.
Organs involved in the endocrine system: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-multiple organs includes pineal gland,
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis.
,Hormones have 4 general characteristics.
First, they have specific __________ and _____________ of secretion. Their patterns depend on?
✔️✔️Correct Ans-specific rates and rhythms of secretion.
Patterns depend on circulating substances.
Some specific rates and rhythms of hormone secretion include: ✔️✔️Correct Ans--diurnal: BID.
-pulsatile: rise or fall in a range.
-cyclic: go up/down during certain times of day or sleep-wake cycles.
released due to homeostatic changes, cyclical basis, or only when activated. Many different patterns
for how their regulated and released.
Hormones operate within ____________ systems. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-feedback.
Hormones affect only ✔️✔️Correct Ans-target cells that have specific receptors to bind to a given
hormone.
For example: insulin affects many cells directly, but not the brain because there are no receptors here.
Hormones affecting only target cells with appropriate receptors allows for: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-release of
hormones directly in the bloodstream.
Hormones are excreted by _____________ or deactivated by ________________ or ____________.
✔️✔️Correct Ans-excreted by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver or cellular mechanisms.
metabolized by cells.
Hormones are regulated by: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-chemical, hormonal, and neural factors
,What type of feedback does hormones use? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-negative feedback.
allows for narrow range of particular parameter. If range exceeded, the hormones will rise or fall to
move parameter back to the normal range.
Types of negative feedback loops for hormones: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. long-loop feedback - the hormone
will feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease stimulation of mediators that affect the secreting gland
to reduce hormone production that affect target organs. End at the release of the hormone, loops all
the way back to the tart of the process.
2. short-feedback - hormone returns back to the secreting gland (ex: anterior pituitary).
3. ultra-short - T3/T4 feedbacks to the target organ causing reduction of secretion of these hormones.
Hormones are released into the circulatory system by: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-endocrine glands.
down-regulation vs up-regulation of hormone: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Down = high levels of hormones can
decrease affinity, number, or both of cells' receptors. Decreases sensitization and responsiveness to
hormones. If large amounts of hormone present, the cell will stop making receptors for that hormone.
This will desensitize the cell to the hormone and cause it to become resistant to it.
Up = low levels of hormone creates more receptors in the plasma membrane to increase sensitization
and responsiveness to hormones. Small amounts of hormone will cause cell to start producing more
and more of the receptor into the surface to increase sensitization and respond more to the small
amount of hormone.
cells are constantly changing their number of receptors in response to the level of hormones in the
bloodstream.
direct vs permissive effects of hormones: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-direct = ex: insulin directly affecting cell's
ability to incorporate glucose transporters to uptake glucose into the cell from the plasma to reduce
blood glucose levels.
permissive = hormone can enable a second hormone to become functional to do a job.
, GH needs _____________ to be produced to have its full effect. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-thyroid hormone.
water-soluble vs. lipid-soluble form in the bloodstream ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water-soluble hormones
circulate in free, unbound forms.
lipid-soluble hormones are primarily circulating bound to a carrier.
water-soluble vs lipid-soluble:
philic to... phobic to... ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water-soluble is lipophobic, hydrophilic, charged.
lipid-soluble is lipophilic, hydrophobic, steroids.
water-soluble vs lipid-soluble:
response time of each? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water-soluble = short-acting response as they bind to surface
receptors. Cannot pass through membranes directly.
lipid-soluble = rapid, but long-lasting response. Directly affect translation and transcription as they
diffuse freely across the plasma and nuclear membranes. Bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. No
plasma membrane receptors needed.
What must lipid-soluble hormones need although they do not need plasma membrane receptors?
✔️✔️Correct Ans-Need carrier proteins to be carried throughout the bloodstream.
Most hormone will be bound to carrier proteins in the plasma. This helps them to be long-lasting and
decreases fluctuations because there is a reserve of protein bound in carrier form.
Length of lasting for hormones is based on: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-ability to bind to carrier proteins or being
able to dissolve in plasma.
where are hormone receptors located? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. In the plasma membrane (for water-soluble
hormones).
Endocrine System: Exam 2 Questions
and verified answers
Hyperparathyroidism may be what three causes and is characterized by? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-primary,
secondary or tertiary.
characterized by a greater-than-normal secretion of PTH.
What causes hypoparathyroidism? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-abnormally low PTH is caused by thyroid
surgery, autoimmunity or genetic mechanisms.
5 functions of the endocrine system.
the first is differentiation of ___________ and ____________ in fetus. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-differentiation
of reproductive system & CNS in fetus
The second function is stimulation of: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-stimulation of growth & development
(maturation).
The third function of the endocrine system is coordination of what systems? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-
coordination of the male and female reproductive systems (secretion).
The fourth function of the endocrine system is maintenance of: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-maintenance of
internal environment.
The fifth function of the endocrine system in adaption to: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-adaption to emergency
demands of body. Allows for increased efficiency & mobilization of energy stores to manage stress.
The endocrine system affects __________ cells in the body. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-nearly every cell.
Organs involved in the endocrine system: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-multiple organs includes pineal gland,
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis.
,Hormones have 4 general characteristics.
First, they have specific __________ and _____________ of secretion. Their patterns depend on?
✔️✔️Correct Ans-specific rates and rhythms of secretion.
Patterns depend on circulating substances.
Some specific rates and rhythms of hormone secretion include: ✔️✔️Correct Ans--diurnal: BID.
-pulsatile: rise or fall in a range.
-cyclic: go up/down during certain times of day or sleep-wake cycles.
released due to homeostatic changes, cyclical basis, or only when activated. Many different patterns
for how their regulated and released.
Hormones operate within ____________ systems. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-feedback.
Hormones affect only ✔️✔️Correct Ans-target cells that have specific receptors to bind to a given
hormone.
For example: insulin affects many cells directly, but not the brain because there are no receptors here.
Hormones affecting only target cells with appropriate receptors allows for: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-release of
hormones directly in the bloodstream.
Hormones are excreted by _____________ or deactivated by ________________ or ____________.
✔️✔️Correct Ans-excreted by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver or cellular mechanisms.
metabolized by cells.
Hormones are regulated by: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-chemical, hormonal, and neural factors
,What type of feedback does hormones use? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-negative feedback.
allows for narrow range of particular parameter. If range exceeded, the hormones will rise or fall to
move parameter back to the normal range.
Types of negative feedback loops for hormones: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. long-loop feedback - the hormone
will feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease stimulation of mediators that affect the secreting gland
to reduce hormone production that affect target organs. End at the release of the hormone, loops all
the way back to the tart of the process.
2. short-feedback - hormone returns back to the secreting gland (ex: anterior pituitary).
3. ultra-short - T3/T4 feedbacks to the target organ causing reduction of secretion of these hormones.
Hormones are released into the circulatory system by: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-endocrine glands.
down-regulation vs up-regulation of hormone: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Down = high levels of hormones can
decrease affinity, number, or both of cells' receptors. Decreases sensitization and responsiveness to
hormones. If large amounts of hormone present, the cell will stop making receptors for that hormone.
This will desensitize the cell to the hormone and cause it to become resistant to it.
Up = low levels of hormone creates more receptors in the plasma membrane to increase sensitization
and responsiveness to hormones. Small amounts of hormone will cause cell to start producing more
and more of the receptor into the surface to increase sensitization and respond more to the small
amount of hormone.
cells are constantly changing their number of receptors in response to the level of hormones in the
bloodstream.
direct vs permissive effects of hormones: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-direct = ex: insulin directly affecting cell's
ability to incorporate glucose transporters to uptake glucose into the cell from the plasma to reduce
blood glucose levels.
permissive = hormone can enable a second hormone to become functional to do a job.
, GH needs _____________ to be produced to have its full effect. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-thyroid hormone.
water-soluble vs. lipid-soluble form in the bloodstream ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water-soluble hormones
circulate in free, unbound forms.
lipid-soluble hormones are primarily circulating bound to a carrier.
water-soluble vs lipid-soluble:
philic to... phobic to... ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water-soluble is lipophobic, hydrophilic, charged.
lipid-soluble is lipophilic, hydrophobic, steroids.
water-soluble vs lipid-soluble:
response time of each? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water-soluble = short-acting response as they bind to surface
receptors. Cannot pass through membranes directly.
lipid-soluble = rapid, but long-lasting response. Directly affect translation and transcription as they
diffuse freely across the plasma and nuclear membranes. Bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. No
plasma membrane receptors needed.
What must lipid-soluble hormones need although they do not need plasma membrane receptors?
✔️✔️Correct Ans-Need carrier proteins to be carried throughout the bloodstream.
Most hormone will be bound to carrier proteins in the plasma. This helps them to be long-lasting and
decreases fluctuations because there is a reserve of protein bound in carrier form.
Length of lasting for hormones is based on: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-ability to bind to carrier proteins or being
able to dissolve in plasma.
where are hormone receptors located? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. In the plasma membrane (for water-soluble
hormones).
