C784 STATISTICS FULL COURSE REVIEW EXAM REVISION
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+)
(LATEST 2025 UPDATE)
Lurking Variable - Answer -Associated with the explanatory and the response variables that is
not directly
being studied.
Simpson's Paradox - Answer -Occurs when a trend or result that appears in groups of data
disappears
when we combine the data.
Regression Analysis - Answer -A process for estimating and analyzing the relationship between
variables.
Least-Squares Regression Line - Answer -AKA the line of best fit.
y = mx + b
"rise over run"
Interpolation - Answer -Using existing data along with the Least-Squares Regression Line to
make a
prediction.
Extrapolation - Answer -Estimation by projecting OUTSIDE known data points.
p-value - Answer -the probability that a result occurred by chance
Significance Levels in Hypothesis Testing - Answer -Statistically Significant: If a measured p-
value is less
than the significance level.
NOT Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is MORE than the significance level.
, Empirical Rule - Answer -68 - 95 - 99.7
68% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
95% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
99.7% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
Used for Categorical (Qual) Data - Answer -Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Mean - Answer -Average - adding series then dividing by the total number in that series
Center & Spread Measures - Answer -SYMMETRIC - Mean (center) / Standard Deviation
(spread)
SKEWED - Median (center) / IQR (spread)
CATEGORICAL - Mode (center) / no spread
What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? - Answer -BAR CHART -
Categorical data
distributed over groups of categories
HISTOGRAM - Quantitative data distributed over various intervals
Outlier Formula - Answer -1.5 x IQR above Q3 or below Q1
Graphical Displays for Quantitative Variables - Answer -HISTOGRAMS - large data sets
STEM PLOTS - keeps individual data points
DOT PLOTS - smaller data sets
BOX PLOTS - center, spread and 5 number summary
SCATTER PLOTS - x,y axis
5 Number Summary - Answer -Min - Q1 - Median - Q3 - Max
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+)
(LATEST 2025 UPDATE)
Lurking Variable - Answer -Associated with the explanatory and the response variables that is
not directly
being studied.
Simpson's Paradox - Answer -Occurs when a trend or result that appears in groups of data
disappears
when we combine the data.
Regression Analysis - Answer -A process for estimating and analyzing the relationship between
variables.
Least-Squares Regression Line - Answer -AKA the line of best fit.
y = mx + b
"rise over run"
Interpolation - Answer -Using existing data along with the Least-Squares Regression Line to
make a
prediction.
Extrapolation - Answer -Estimation by projecting OUTSIDE known data points.
p-value - Answer -the probability that a result occurred by chance
Significance Levels in Hypothesis Testing - Answer -Statistically Significant: If a measured p-
value is less
than the significance level.
NOT Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is MORE than the significance level.
, Empirical Rule - Answer -68 - 95 - 99.7
68% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
95% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
99.7% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
Used for Categorical (Qual) Data - Answer -Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Mean - Answer -Average - adding series then dividing by the total number in that series
Center & Spread Measures - Answer -SYMMETRIC - Mean (center) / Standard Deviation
(spread)
SKEWED - Median (center) / IQR (spread)
CATEGORICAL - Mode (center) / no spread
What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? - Answer -BAR CHART -
Categorical data
distributed over groups of categories
HISTOGRAM - Quantitative data distributed over various intervals
Outlier Formula - Answer -1.5 x IQR above Q3 or below Q1
Graphical Displays for Quantitative Variables - Answer -HISTOGRAMS - large data sets
STEM PLOTS - keeps individual data points
DOT PLOTS - smaller data sets
BOX PLOTS - center, spread and 5 number summary
SCATTER PLOTS - x,y axis
5 Number Summary - Answer -Min - Q1 - Median - Q3 - Max
