MMBIO 221 Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions & Answers
Understand how microbes affect ecosystems, and human health. Appreciate
- -Maintain the balance of life
Ecosystems: nitrogen exchange, break down wastes
Humans: Microbes for digestion and synthesis of some vitamins we need
- Relate the experiments that Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur
performed that led to the eventual abandonment of the theory of
spontaneous generation and the acceptance of biogenesis. - -Redi: Filled
jars with old meat and maggots only got into the uncovered one.
Needham: Found that after you boiled chicken broth it was soon teeming
with microbial life
Spallanzani: Heated broth in a sealed flask contained no microbes.
Pasteur: Beef broth boiled in the flask with S-mouth
• Redi - Three flasks (one open, one with mesh covering, one with stopper)
with meat in each. Maggots appeared in the open one and the mesh one
(when the mesh was broken).
• Needham - Boiled nutrient broth, moved it to a new sealed container (the
container had microbes in it), microbes grew in the sealed container.
• Spallanzani - Boiled nutrient broth in open flask, seal the flask and no
microbes grew. Once he opened the flask, microbes began growing.
• Pasteur - Boiled nonsterile liquid in a swan neck flask (S shape). Microbes
grew in the neck of the flask, but not the liquid itself. Remained sterile for
years.
- Describe the accomplishments of van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke in
microscopy and their subsequent influence - -van Leeuwenhoek: made a
lens to magnify microbes by 300x. First person to see bacteria.
Robert Hooke: built compound microscopes that had multiple lenses.
• Leeuwenhoek - Discovered bacteria
o improved the microscope
o father of microbiology
o Animalcules
• Hooke - Discovered small eukaryotes.Discovered cells. Cell theory
- How do we classify microbes into the three domains? What are they? - -
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses
- • Bacteria - -o Prokaryotes
o Peptidoglycan cell wall
o Reproduce via binary fission
o Use organic, inorganic, and photosynthesis for energy
, o unicellular
- Archae - -o Prokaryotes
o No peptidoglycan in their cell walls
o Live in extreme environments
o rRNA is different than bacteria
o Not pathogenic
- Eukaryotes - -o Fungi
Chitin cell walls
Mostly multicellular, but yeast are unicellular
Use organic compounds for energy
o Protozoa
Single celled
Ingest organic chemicals
Motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
o Algae
Cellulose cell walls
Single or multicellular
Use photosynthesis for energy
o Animals/parasites
Multicellular
Flatworms and roundworms (helminths)
- viruses - -o Accellular
o Protein coat
o May be encased by lipids
o Depend on host
o carries DNA/ RNA
smallest amount of genes carried is 5 genes
- Fungi - -Chitin cell walls
Mostly multicellular, but yeast are unicellular
Use organic compounds for energy
- Protozoa - -Single celled
Ingest organic chemicals
Motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
- algae - -Cellulose cell walls
Single or multicellular
Use photosynthesis for energy
- animals/parasites - -Multicellular
Flatworms and roundworms (helminths)
Questions & Answers
Understand how microbes affect ecosystems, and human health. Appreciate
- -Maintain the balance of life
Ecosystems: nitrogen exchange, break down wastes
Humans: Microbes for digestion and synthesis of some vitamins we need
- Relate the experiments that Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur
performed that led to the eventual abandonment of the theory of
spontaneous generation and the acceptance of biogenesis. - -Redi: Filled
jars with old meat and maggots only got into the uncovered one.
Needham: Found that after you boiled chicken broth it was soon teeming
with microbial life
Spallanzani: Heated broth in a sealed flask contained no microbes.
Pasteur: Beef broth boiled in the flask with S-mouth
• Redi - Three flasks (one open, one with mesh covering, one with stopper)
with meat in each. Maggots appeared in the open one and the mesh one
(when the mesh was broken).
• Needham - Boiled nutrient broth, moved it to a new sealed container (the
container had microbes in it), microbes grew in the sealed container.
• Spallanzani - Boiled nutrient broth in open flask, seal the flask and no
microbes grew. Once he opened the flask, microbes began growing.
• Pasteur - Boiled nonsterile liquid in a swan neck flask (S shape). Microbes
grew in the neck of the flask, but not the liquid itself. Remained sterile for
years.
- Describe the accomplishments of van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke in
microscopy and their subsequent influence - -van Leeuwenhoek: made a
lens to magnify microbes by 300x. First person to see bacteria.
Robert Hooke: built compound microscopes that had multiple lenses.
• Leeuwenhoek - Discovered bacteria
o improved the microscope
o father of microbiology
o Animalcules
• Hooke - Discovered small eukaryotes.Discovered cells. Cell theory
- How do we classify microbes into the three domains? What are they? - -
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses
- • Bacteria - -o Prokaryotes
o Peptidoglycan cell wall
o Reproduce via binary fission
o Use organic, inorganic, and photosynthesis for energy
, o unicellular
- Archae - -o Prokaryotes
o No peptidoglycan in their cell walls
o Live in extreme environments
o rRNA is different than bacteria
o Not pathogenic
- Eukaryotes - -o Fungi
Chitin cell walls
Mostly multicellular, but yeast are unicellular
Use organic compounds for energy
o Protozoa
Single celled
Ingest organic chemicals
Motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
o Algae
Cellulose cell walls
Single or multicellular
Use photosynthesis for energy
o Animals/parasites
Multicellular
Flatworms and roundworms (helminths)
- viruses - -o Accellular
o Protein coat
o May be encased by lipids
o Depend on host
o carries DNA/ RNA
smallest amount of genes carried is 5 genes
- Fungi - -Chitin cell walls
Mostly multicellular, but yeast are unicellular
Use organic compounds for energy
- Protozoa - -Single celled
Ingest organic chemicals
Motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
- algae - -Cellulose cell walls
Single or multicellular
Use photosynthesis for energy
- animals/parasites - -Multicellular
Flatworms and roundworms (helminths)
