MMBIO 221 BYU exam 1 study guide
Black|131 Answered Questions
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - -first guy to see microbes. father of microscopy.
- Types of Microorganisms Leeuwenhoek saw - -Fungi
Small animals (helminths)
Algae
Protozoa
Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
Could not see:
Viruses
- Francesco Redi - -raw meat experiment, disproved spontaneous
generation of bugs
- Pastuer & spontaneous generation - -Swirly bulbs, proved no spontaneous
generation of microbes
- Pasteur & fermentation - -discovered beer tasted good fermented by
fungi, but bad when acid was made by fermenting bacteria
- Robert Koch - -proved microbes are cause of disease, cultivation of
bacteria. Four Postulates.
- Koch's postulates - -Disease causing agent must be isolated in host, then
grown outside of host, and cause the disease when injected into healthy host
- Sammelweis - -introduced handwashing
- Joseph Lister - -aseptic surgery techniques
- John Snow - -started epidemiology, found that one well was source of
disease
- Edward Jenner - -Smallpox vaccine. Father of vaccination.
- Alexander Flemming - -Penicillin. Father of antibiotics.
- Ehrlich - -proposed selective toxicity, looked for "magic bullet," beginning
of chemotherapy.
- Carolus Linnaeus - -Developed original Taxonomy
, - Questions that drove the Golden Age of Microbiology - -- Is spontaneous
generation of microbial life possible?
- What causes fermentation?
_ What causes disease?
- How can we prevent infection and disease?
- Glycocalyx - -Sugar gel that covers bacteria
- Peptidoglycan - -Composed of sugars NAG and NAM- bound together by
tetrapeptide crossbridges.
- Fungi - -Eukaryotic, eat other organisms, decomposers, cell walls made of
chitin,
Molds - multicellular, sexual and asexual spores
yeasts - single cell, reproduce by budding
classified by sexual spores
- Protozoa - -single celled eukaryotes, similar to animals in nutrition and cell
structure
- Algae - -uni/multicellular, photosynthetic, not pathogens, classified by
color or cell wall composition
- Prokayotes - -unicellular, no nuclei, asexual, bacteria and archea
- bacteria vs archaea cell walls - -Bacteria - peptidoglycan cell walls
Archaea - polymer cell walls, found in extreme environments (don't cause
disease)
- Helminths - -multicellular parasites (worms) studied by microbiologists
- Capsule - more organized, helps with attachment and protection from
drying out/ being killed by immune system or drugs. More firmly attached
Slime layer - similar, but simpler. More loosely attached. Water Soluble. - -2
types of external cell structure
- Pili - -assist cell in attachment, conjugation (bacterial sex), Grappling hook
- Gram positive cell walls - -- thick layer of peptidoglycan
- contain teichoic acids
- lipoteichoic acids anchor wall to membrane
- appear purple in gram stain because crystal violet doesn't break out
- non-polar molecules and substances (hydrophobic) - -substances that
diffuse across membrane
Black|131 Answered Questions
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - -first guy to see microbes. father of microscopy.
- Types of Microorganisms Leeuwenhoek saw - -Fungi
Small animals (helminths)
Algae
Protozoa
Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
Could not see:
Viruses
- Francesco Redi - -raw meat experiment, disproved spontaneous
generation of bugs
- Pastuer & spontaneous generation - -Swirly bulbs, proved no spontaneous
generation of microbes
- Pasteur & fermentation - -discovered beer tasted good fermented by
fungi, but bad when acid was made by fermenting bacteria
- Robert Koch - -proved microbes are cause of disease, cultivation of
bacteria. Four Postulates.
- Koch's postulates - -Disease causing agent must be isolated in host, then
grown outside of host, and cause the disease when injected into healthy host
- Sammelweis - -introduced handwashing
- Joseph Lister - -aseptic surgery techniques
- John Snow - -started epidemiology, found that one well was source of
disease
- Edward Jenner - -Smallpox vaccine. Father of vaccination.
- Alexander Flemming - -Penicillin. Father of antibiotics.
- Ehrlich - -proposed selective toxicity, looked for "magic bullet," beginning
of chemotherapy.
- Carolus Linnaeus - -Developed original Taxonomy
, - Questions that drove the Golden Age of Microbiology - -- Is spontaneous
generation of microbial life possible?
- What causes fermentation?
_ What causes disease?
- How can we prevent infection and disease?
- Glycocalyx - -Sugar gel that covers bacteria
- Peptidoglycan - -Composed of sugars NAG and NAM- bound together by
tetrapeptide crossbridges.
- Fungi - -Eukaryotic, eat other organisms, decomposers, cell walls made of
chitin,
Molds - multicellular, sexual and asexual spores
yeasts - single cell, reproduce by budding
classified by sexual spores
- Protozoa - -single celled eukaryotes, similar to animals in nutrition and cell
structure
- Algae - -uni/multicellular, photosynthetic, not pathogens, classified by
color or cell wall composition
- Prokayotes - -unicellular, no nuclei, asexual, bacteria and archea
- bacteria vs archaea cell walls - -Bacteria - peptidoglycan cell walls
Archaea - polymer cell walls, found in extreme environments (don't cause
disease)
- Helminths - -multicellular parasites (worms) studied by microbiologists
- Capsule - more organized, helps with attachment and protection from
drying out/ being killed by immune system or drugs. More firmly attached
Slime layer - similar, but simpler. More loosely attached. Water Soluble. - -2
types of external cell structure
- Pili - -assist cell in attachment, conjugation (bacterial sex), Grappling hook
- Gram positive cell walls - -- thick layer of peptidoglycan
- contain teichoic acids
- lipoteichoic acids anchor wall to membrane
- appear purple in gram stain because crystal violet doesn't break out
- non-polar molecules and substances (hydrophobic) - -substances that
diffuse across membrane
