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Galen NUR 210 / NUR210 Exam 4
2026/2027 | Principles of
Pharmacology |Questions &
Answers with Rationales | Grade A
Exam Structure:
Subject: Nursing / Principles of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology,
Hematology/Oncology
Source: NUR 210 Exam 4
Format: Key Concept Questions with Correct Answers and Rationales
Diagnostic Testing and Specimen Collection
1. Why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and
sensitivity test)?
Answer: Sometimes there is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing
an infection, so you can rule out an infection if you do a urinalysis first.
Rationale:
1. Urinalysis provides rapid results and can detect pyuria, hematuria,
and nitrites.
2. If urinalysis is negative, a culture may be unnecessary.
3. This avoids unnecessary testing and cost.
2. What is leukocyte esterase? What does it indicate?
Answer: Enzyme produced by white blood cells; indicates leukocytes in the
urine.
Rationale:
1. Leukocyte esterase is a dipstick test for pyuria.
2. A positive result suggests urinary tract infection.
3. It is a screening test; culture confirms infection.
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3. Greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant?
Answer: Greater than 5 cells/hpf.
Rationale:
1. Hematuria is defined as >5 RBCs per high-power field.
2. Causes include infection, stones, trauma, and malignancy.
3. Further evaluation is needed.
4. Greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant
pyuria?
Answer: Greater than 5 cells/hpf.
Rationale:
1. Pyuria (>5 WBCs/hpf) suggests infection or inflammation.
2. It is a key finding in urinary tract infections.
3. Culture confirms the diagnosis.
Nosocomial Infections
5. What is a nosocomial infection?
Answer: Hospital-acquired infection.
Rationale:
1. Nosocomial infections occur during hospitalization.
2. They are often caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
3. Prevention includes hand hygiene and infection control measures.
6. What happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a
nosocomial infection?
Answer: Increases.
Rationale:
1. Hospital environments select for resistant, more virulent organisms.
2. Immunocompromised patients are at higher risk.
3. Infection control is critical.
Antibiotic Stewardship
7. What are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting
antibiotics?
Answer: Bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis.
Rationale:
1. In life-threatening infections, antibiotics cannot be delayed.
2. Cultures should still be obtained immediately, but antibiotics are
given promptly.
Galen NUR 210 / NUR210 Exam 4
2026/2027 | Principles of
Pharmacology |Questions &
Answers with Rationales | Grade A
Exam Structure:
Subject: Nursing / Principles of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology,
Hematology/Oncology
Source: NUR 210 Exam 4
Format: Key Concept Questions with Correct Answers and Rationales
Diagnostic Testing and Specimen Collection
1. Why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and
sensitivity test)?
Answer: Sometimes there is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing
an infection, so you can rule out an infection if you do a urinalysis first.
Rationale:
1. Urinalysis provides rapid results and can detect pyuria, hematuria,
and nitrites.
2. If urinalysis is negative, a culture may be unnecessary.
3. This avoids unnecessary testing and cost.
2. What is leukocyte esterase? What does it indicate?
Answer: Enzyme produced by white blood cells; indicates leukocytes in the
urine.
Rationale:
1. Leukocyte esterase is a dipstick test for pyuria.
2. A positive result suggests urinary tract infection.
3. It is a screening test; culture confirms infection.
, 2|Page
3. Greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant?
Answer: Greater than 5 cells/hpf.
Rationale:
1. Hematuria is defined as >5 RBCs per high-power field.
2. Causes include infection, stones, trauma, and malignancy.
3. Further evaluation is needed.
4. Greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant
pyuria?
Answer: Greater than 5 cells/hpf.
Rationale:
1. Pyuria (>5 WBCs/hpf) suggests infection or inflammation.
2. It is a key finding in urinary tract infections.
3. Culture confirms the diagnosis.
Nosocomial Infections
5. What is a nosocomial infection?
Answer: Hospital-acquired infection.
Rationale:
1. Nosocomial infections occur during hospitalization.
2. They are often caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
3. Prevention includes hand hygiene and infection control measures.
6. What happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a
nosocomial infection?
Answer: Increases.
Rationale:
1. Hospital environments select for resistant, more virulent organisms.
2. Immunocompromised patients are at higher risk.
3. Infection control is critical.
Antibiotic Stewardship
7. What are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting
antibiotics?
Answer: Bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis.
Rationale:
1. In life-threatening infections, antibiotics cannot be delayed.
2. Cultures should still be obtained immediately, but antibiotics are
given promptly.
