MMBIO 221- BYU Independent
Study Midterm 2 Exam Q’s and
A’s
Helminthes - -worms; may lack digestive system; nervous system in
reduced; no means of locomotion
- Fungi - -A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have
no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by
breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
- Deuteromycota - -fungi appears to lack a sexual stage in life cycle
- Protozoa - -reproduce asexually by fission; some reproduce sexually by
conjugation;produce cyst when food moisture or oxygen are lacking; aerobic
heterotrophs
- how protozoa are classified - -by the way they move
- dioecious - -having the male and female organs in separate and distinct
organisms; having separate sexes.
- how fungi are classified - -by how they reproduce
- Pneumocystis - -It is a unicellular anamorphic fungus
- Arthropod vectors that transmit diseases - -spiders; mites, ticks, crabs,
crayfish, bees, flies, lice, fleas, mosquito
- how helminthes are transmitted - -passed through feces that is used as
fertilizer for grazing cows. hook worm hatch in the soil and break through
human skin.
- definitive hosts - -harbor a parasite while it reproduces sexually
- intermediate host - -The host species in which a parasite reproduces
asexually.
- how are viruses cultured? - -culture medium, embryonated egg
- viral identification - -serological methods such as western blotting; by its
reaction with antibodies; restriction fragment length polymorphisms and
polymerase chain reactions.
, - Parts of a virus - -capsid; DNA or RNA-but never both;
- how envelopes are acquired - -animal virus is released from the host cell
by extrusion process that coats virus with layer of host cell's plasma
membrane
- primary cell lines - -derived from tissue slices, tend to die out after only a
few generations
- continuous cell lines - -used when viruses are routinely grown in a lab.
transformed (cancerous) cells that can be maintained through an indefinite
number of generations; sometimes called IMMORTAL CELL LINES.
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - -enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of
another strand of RNA which is complementary in base sequence to the
original infecting strand
- lysogeny - -(lysogenic replication cycle) Process of viral replication in
which a bacteriophage enters a bacterial cell, inserts into the DNA of the
host, and remains inactive. The phage is then replicated every time the host
cell replicates its chromosome. Later, the phage may leave the chromosome.
- viroid - -single-stranded RNA molecule(300-400 nucleotides) that has no
surrounding capsids
- prion - -infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA
- plaque - -A clear area in a lawn of bacteria. Plaques represent an area
where bacteria are lysing (dying) and usually caused by a lytic virus.
- steps of viral multiplication in bacteriaphage - -attachmentby tail fibers to
cell wall protein, penetration(DNA injected into host cell), biosynthesis in
cytoplasm, maturation, release
- steps of viral multiplication in animal virus - -attachment to plasma
membrane proteins and glycoproteins, capsid enters by fusion; enzymatic
removal of capsid proteins; biosynthesis in nucleus or cytoplasm; enveloped
viruses bud out
- nosocomial infection - -an infection acquired during hospitalization; most
common agent is Urinary tract infections
- mode of spread for respiratory and food/water pathogens - -hands; staff to
patient contact
Study Midterm 2 Exam Q’s and
A’s
Helminthes - -worms; may lack digestive system; nervous system in
reduced; no means of locomotion
- Fungi - -A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have
no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by
breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
- Deuteromycota - -fungi appears to lack a sexual stage in life cycle
- Protozoa - -reproduce asexually by fission; some reproduce sexually by
conjugation;produce cyst when food moisture or oxygen are lacking; aerobic
heterotrophs
- how protozoa are classified - -by the way they move
- dioecious - -having the male and female organs in separate and distinct
organisms; having separate sexes.
- how fungi are classified - -by how they reproduce
- Pneumocystis - -It is a unicellular anamorphic fungus
- Arthropod vectors that transmit diseases - -spiders; mites, ticks, crabs,
crayfish, bees, flies, lice, fleas, mosquito
- how helminthes are transmitted - -passed through feces that is used as
fertilizer for grazing cows. hook worm hatch in the soil and break through
human skin.
- definitive hosts - -harbor a parasite while it reproduces sexually
- intermediate host - -The host species in which a parasite reproduces
asexually.
- how are viruses cultured? - -culture medium, embryonated egg
- viral identification - -serological methods such as western blotting; by its
reaction with antibodies; restriction fragment length polymorphisms and
polymerase chain reactions.
, - Parts of a virus - -capsid; DNA or RNA-but never both;
- how envelopes are acquired - -animal virus is released from the host cell
by extrusion process that coats virus with layer of host cell's plasma
membrane
- primary cell lines - -derived from tissue slices, tend to die out after only a
few generations
- continuous cell lines - -used when viruses are routinely grown in a lab.
transformed (cancerous) cells that can be maintained through an indefinite
number of generations; sometimes called IMMORTAL CELL LINES.
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - -enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of
another strand of RNA which is complementary in base sequence to the
original infecting strand
- lysogeny - -(lysogenic replication cycle) Process of viral replication in
which a bacteriophage enters a bacterial cell, inserts into the DNA of the
host, and remains inactive. The phage is then replicated every time the host
cell replicates its chromosome. Later, the phage may leave the chromosome.
- viroid - -single-stranded RNA molecule(300-400 nucleotides) that has no
surrounding capsids
- prion - -infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA
- plaque - -A clear area in a lawn of bacteria. Plaques represent an area
where bacteria are lysing (dying) and usually caused by a lytic virus.
- steps of viral multiplication in bacteriaphage - -attachmentby tail fibers to
cell wall protein, penetration(DNA injected into host cell), biosynthesis in
cytoplasm, maturation, release
- steps of viral multiplication in animal virus - -attachment to plasma
membrane proteins and glycoproteins, capsid enters by fusion; enzymatic
removal of capsid proteins; biosynthesis in nucleus or cytoplasm; enveloped
viruses bud out
- nosocomial infection - -an infection acquired during hospitalization; most
common agent is Urinary tract infections
- mode of spread for respiratory and food/water pathogens - -hands; staff to
patient contact
