MMBIO 221 Exam 1 (Ch 1-6)
Carolus Linnaeus - -system for naming plants and animals and grouping
similar organisms together
- Carl Woese - -o 3 Domains: Eukaryotes, Bacteria, Archaea
o started sequencing rRNA, saw that 16S RNA has to be highly conserved,
found that there are 3 domains of life
o the phylogenetic tree is based on Woese's rRNA analysis
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - -o made and looked through microscopes
o Father of Microscopy
- Aristotle - -spontaneous generation (abiogenesis): living things can arise
from nonliving matter by adding water
- Francesco Redi - -o 3 flasks- unsealed, sealed, and covered with gauze
o maggots grew on unsealed meat, flask sealed meat was fine, maggots
grew on the gauze
o disproved spontaneous generation for animals
o Father of the Scientific Method
- Needham - -o beef and gravy infusions
o reinforced spontaneous generation for microbes
- Spallanzani - -o Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes
o microbes exist in air and can contaminate experiments
o heated and sealed them—spontaneous generation of microorganisms does
not occur
- many still disbelieved him
- Pasteur - -o spontaneous generation
- swan neck flask that allowed air in
- heated and killed
- flasks did not grow microbes until the media was tilted to hit the curve of
the flask, then microbes would grow
- settled the debate about spontaneous generation
o discovered how to preserve wine: pasteurization patented in 1865
o developed germ theory of disease
o Father of Microbiology
o developed vaccines for fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies
- Robert Koch - -o Father of Microbiological Laboratory
o Koch's Postulates
, - suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and
be absent from healthy hosts
- agent must be isolated and grown outside the host in pure culture
- when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must
get the disease
- same agent must be re-isolated form diseased experimental host
- Fracastoro - -o 3 forms of contagion:
§ direct contact: disease spread by touching an infected person
§ fomites: disease spread by touching contaminated object
§ distance: disease spread by contaminated air and water
- Ignaz Semmelweis - -advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of
puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
- Joseph Lister - -antiseptic technique
- John Snow - -infection control and epidemiology. cholera epidemic-
mapped cases and traced it back to the pump
- Edward Jenner - -smallpox vaccine, field of immunology
- Paul Ehrlich - -"magic bullets," field of chemotherapy. arsenic compounds
and salvarsan
- Alexander Flemming - -inhibition of some bacteria by Penicillin ("wonder
drug")
- Gerhard Domagk - -Sulfanilamide for streptococcal infections
- Selman Waksman - -Streptomycin; coined the term antibiotic
- Robert Whitaker - -proposed a taxonomic approach based on 5 Kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Prokaryotae (or Monera)
- antibiotic - -substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits
other microorganisms
o produce antibiotics as competition for resources
- characteristics of Fungi - -o Eukaryotic
o classified by type of sexual spores
o obtain food from other organisms
o decomposers (mineralizers)
o cell walls made of chitin
o molds: multicellular, have hyphae, reproduce by sexual and asexual spores
, o yeasts: unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding, some produce sexual
spores
- characteristics of Protozoa - -o single-celled eukaryotes
o classified by mechanism of motility
§ most have locomotion by: pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella
o similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure
o live freely in water, some inside. animal hosts
o most reproduce asexually, some reproduce sexually
- pseudopodia - -cell extensions that flow in the direction of travel
- cilia - -numerous, short, hair-like protrusions that propel organisms
through the environment
- Algae - -o unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
o categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage products, and
composition of cell wall
o photosynthetic
o non-pathogenic except for role in red tides and shellfish poisoning
- Prokaryotes - -o unicellular and lack nuclei
o two kinds
§ bacteria: cell walls with peptidoglycan (except a few); most don't cause
disease
§ archaea: cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan; no
diseases
o reproduce asexually
o smaller than eukaryotes
o found everywhere there is sufficient moisture
- Viruses - -o acellular, ametabolic, unable to reproduce outside the cell
- o compare and contrast bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes vs. viruses - -§
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
· growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism, cellular structure
§ viruses
· growth does not occur
· host cell replicates in the virus
· responsiveness to host cells in some viruses
· uses host cell's metabolism
· lacks cytoplasmic membrane or cellular structure
- electrochemical gradient - -concentration gradient that creates voltage
across the membrane
Carolus Linnaeus - -system for naming plants and animals and grouping
similar organisms together
- Carl Woese - -o 3 Domains: Eukaryotes, Bacteria, Archaea
o started sequencing rRNA, saw that 16S RNA has to be highly conserved,
found that there are 3 domains of life
o the phylogenetic tree is based on Woese's rRNA analysis
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - -o made and looked through microscopes
o Father of Microscopy
- Aristotle - -spontaneous generation (abiogenesis): living things can arise
from nonliving matter by adding water
- Francesco Redi - -o 3 flasks- unsealed, sealed, and covered with gauze
o maggots grew on unsealed meat, flask sealed meat was fine, maggots
grew on the gauze
o disproved spontaneous generation for animals
o Father of the Scientific Method
- Needham - -o beef and gravy infusions
o reinforced spontaneous generation for microbes
- Spallanzani - -o Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes
o microbes exist in air and can contaminate experiments
o heated and sealed them—spontaneous generation of microorganisms does
not occur
- many still disbelieved him
- Pasteur - -o spontaneous generation
- swan neck flask that allowed air in
- heated and killed
- flasks did not grow microbes until the media was tilted to hit the curve of
the flask, then microbes would grow
- settled the debate about spontaneous generation
o discovered how to preserve wine: pasteurization patented in 1865
o developed germ theory of disease
o Father of Microbiology
o developed vaccines for fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies
- Robert Koch - -o Father of Microbiological Laboratory
o Koch's Postulates
, - suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and
be absent from healthy hosts
- agent must be isolated and grown outside the host in pure culture
- when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must
get the disease
- same agent must be re-isolated form diseased experimental host
- Fracastoro - -o 3 forms of contagion:
§ direct contact: disease spread by touching an infected person
§ fomites: disease spread by touching contaminated object
§ distance: disease spread by contaminated air and water
- Ignaz Semmelweis - -advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of
puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
- Joseph Lister - -antiseptic technique
- John Snow - -infection control and epidemiology. cholera epidemic-
mapped cases and traced it back to the pump
- Edward Jenner - -smallpox vaccine, field of immunology
- Paul Ehrlich - -"magic bullets," field of chemotherapy. arsenic compounds
and salvarsan
- Alexander Flemming - -inhibition of some bacteria by Penicillin ("wonder
drug")
- Gerhard Domagk - -Sulfanilamide for streptococcal infections
- Selman Waksman - -Streptomycin; coined the term antibiotic
- Robert Whitaker - -proposed a taxonomic approach based on 5 Kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Prokaryotae (or Monera)
- antibiotic - -substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits
other microorganisms
o produce antibiotics as competition for resources
- characteristics of Fungi - -o Eukaryotic
o classified by type of sexual spores
o obtain food from other organisms
o decomposers (mineralizers)
o cell walls made of chitin
o molds: multicellular, have hyphae, reproduce by sexual and asexual spores
, o yeasts: unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding, some produce sexual
spores
- characteristics of Protozoa - -o single-celled eukaryotes
o classified by mechanism of motility
§ most have locomotion by: pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella
o similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure
o live freely in water, some inside. animal hosts
o most reproduce asexually, some reproduce sexually
- pseudopodia - -cell extensions that flow in the direction of travel
- cilia - -numerous, short, hair-like protrusions that propel organisms
through the environment
- Algae - -o unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
o categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage products, and
composition of cell wall
o photosynthetic
o non-pathogenic except for role in red tides and shellfish poisoning
- Prokaryotes - -o unicellular and lack nuclei
o two kinds
§ bacteria: cell walls with peptidoglycan (except a few); most don't cause
disease
§ archaea: cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan; no
diseases
o reproduce asexually
o smaller than eukaryotes
o found everywhere there is sufficient moisture
- Viruses - -o acellular, ametabolic, unable to reproduce outside the cell
- o compare and contrast bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes vs. viruses - -§
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
· growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism, cellular structure
§ viruses
· growth does not occur
· host cell replicates in the virus
· responsiveness to host cells in some viruses
· uses host cell's metabolism
· lacks cytoplasmic membrane or cellular structure
- electrochemical gradient - -concentration gradient that creates voltage
across the membrane
