MMBIO 221 Exam 1 BYU |134
Questions and Answers
Fungi - -cell wall made of chitin; Eukaryote
- Algae - -cell wall made of silicates, eukaryotic
- Protozoa - -Eukaryote
- Bacteria - -Prokaryotic
- Virus - -Acellular; only reproduce if they are inside of a living cell
- What allows a substance to cross a membrane - -Protiens
- Substances that will never pass through a membrane - -Charged
substances
- Passive movement processes - -No ATP needed
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitaed Diffusion
3. Osmosis
- Active Transport processes - -Uniport
Aniport
Symport
Group translocation
- Glycocalyx - -Sticky substance on outside of cell, composed of
polysaccharides,
- Capsule - -A sticky layer that prevents cell from drying out, prevents
bacteria from being recognized
- Flagella Direction - -Counter clock = forward
clockwise = backwards
- Peritrichous vs monotrichus - -One hair vs thousands of hairs
- Fimbriae - -Helps in movement, not as long as flagella, used to adhere to
other bacteria
- Pili - -short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria
, - Bacteria with no cell walls - -Mycoplasma
- What are most bacteria cell walls composed of? - -Peptidoglycan = NAG-
NAM chains, ONLY FOR PROKARYOTES
- Gram-Positive cell wall - -Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
- Gram-Negative cell walls - -Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide = endotoxin
- Acid-fast cell walls - -Mycolic Acids
Hydrophobic
- Resolution - -Closest you can get 2 objects together and still be able to see
them as separate
- Phase-contrast microscope - -Fine Detail inside the cell
3D
- Differential Interface - -Used to see the surface of the moelcule
- Confocal Microscope - -Computer constructs 3-D image and uses
fluorescent dyes
- Transmission Electron microsccope vs Scanning Electron Microscope - -
TEM - Used to see inside
SEM - Used to see surface
- Acid Fast Staining - -Pink Acid Fast vs Blue non acid fast
- Endospore Stain - -Green Endospore vs Red vegetative cells
- Differential Stains - -Acid fast, Endospore, gram
- Special Stains - -Negative, flagellar
- Enzyme Facts - -Many composed entirely of protein
Some are RNA molecules called ribozymes
Others composed of protein portions (apoenzymes) that are inactive if not
bound to non-protein cofactors (inorganic ions or organic molecules called
coenzymes)
Binding of apoenzyme to its cofactor yields the active holoenzyme
- Hydrolases - -Uses water to break apart polymers
Questions and Answers
Fungi - -cell wall made of chitin; Eukaryote
- Algae - -cell wall made of silicates, eukaryotic
- Protozoa - -Eukaryote
- Bacteria - -Prokaryotic
- Virus - -Acellular; only reproduce if they are inside of a living cell
- What allows a substance to cross a membrane - -Protiens
- Substances that will never pass through a membrane - -Charged
substances
- Passive movement processes - -No ATP needed
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitaed Diffusion
3. Osmosis
- Active Transport processes - -Uniport
Aniport
Symport
Group translocation
- Glycocalyx - -Sticky substance on outside of cell, composed of
polysaccharides,
- Capsule - -A sticky layer that prevents cell from drying out, prevents
bacteria from being recognized
- Flagella Direction - -Counter clock = forward
clockwise = backwards
- Peritrichous vs monotrichus - -One hair vs thousands of hairs
- Fimbriae - -Helps in movement, not as long as flagella, used to adhere to
other bacteria
- Pili - -short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria
, - Bacteria with no cell walls - -Mycoplasma
- What are most bacteria cell walls composed of? - -Peptidoglycan = NAG-
NAM chains, ONLY FOR PROKARYOTES
- Gram-Positive cell wall - -Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
- Gram-Negative cell walls - -Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide = endotoxin
- Acid-fast cell walls - -Mycolic Acids
Hydrophobic
- Resolution - -Closest you can get 2 objects together and still be able to see
them as separate
- Phase-contrast microscope - -Fine Detail inside the cell
3D
- Differential Interface - -Used to see the surface of the moelcule
- Confocal Microscope - -Computer constructs 3-D image and uses
fluorescent dyes
- Transmission Electron microsccope vs Scanning Electron Microscope - -
TEM - Used to see inside
SEM - Used to see surface
- Acid Fast Staining - -Pink Acid Fast vs Blue non acid fast
- Endospore Stain - -Green Endospore vs Red vegetative cells
- Differential Stains - -Acid fast, Endospore, gram
- Special Stains - -Negative, flagellar
- Enzyme Facts - -Many composed entirely of protein
Some are RNA molecules called ribozymes
Others composed of protein portions (apoenzymes) that are inactive if not
bound to non-protein cofactors (inorganic ions or organic molecules called
coenzymes)
Binding of apoenzyme to its cofactor yields the active holoenzyme
- Hydrolases - -Uses water to break apart polymers
