ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
❖ Vitamin is required for normal clotting factor synthesis by the ?
➢ K; kidneys
➢ K; liver
➢ D; kidneys
➢ D; liver - answer>>K; liver. Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin, is necessary for the synthesis and regulation of
prothrombin, procoagulant factors (VII, IX, X), and anticoagulant regulators (proteins C and S) in the liver.
▪ Which statement is true regarding the physical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia?
• Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia seldom results in neurologic symptoms.
• The chances of a cure are good with appropriate treatment.
• The condition is reversible in 75% of the cases.
• Symptoms are a result of demyelination. - answer>>Symptoms are a result of demyelination. The neurologic
manifestations characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia result from nerve demyelination that may produce
neuronal death. These complications pose a serious threat because they are not reversible, even with appropriate
treatment.
A 2000 ml blood loss will produce which assessment finding? (Select all that apply.)
➢ Air hunger
➢ Normal blood pressure in the supine position
➢ Rapid thready pulse
➢ Cold clammy skin
➢ lactic acidosis - answer>>A, C, D. With a 2000 ml loss of blood, central venous pressure, cardiac output, and
arterial blood pressure are below normal, even when at rest and in the supine position. The person commonly has
air hunger; a rapid, thready pulse; and cold, clammy skin. With a 1500 ml loss of blood, supine blood pressure and
pulse can still be normal. Lactic acidosis is observed with a blood loss of 2500 ml or more.
1
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
▪ Which conditions are generally included in the symptoms of pernicious anemia
(PA)? (Select all that apply.)
• Weakness
• Weight gain
• Low hemoglobin
• Paresthesias
• Low hematocrit - answer>>A, C, D, E. When the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the blood have
significantly decreased, the individual experiences the classic symptoms of PA weakness, fatigue,
paresthesias of the feet and fingers, difficulty in walking, loss of appetite, abdominal pains, and weight loss.
What are the clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia? (Select all that apply.)
a. Constipation
b. Flatulence
c. Dysphagia
d. Stomatitis
e. Cheilosis - answer>>B, C, D, E. Specific symptoms of folate deficiency anemia include severe cheilosis (scales and
fissures of the lips and corners of the mouth), stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), and painful ulcerations of
the buccal mucosa and tongue. Gastrointestinal symptoms may be present and include dysphagia (difficulty
swallowing), flatulence, and watery diarrhea.
1. Which diseases are commonly associated with anemia of chronic disease? (Select all that apply.)
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c. Polycythemia vera
d. Systemic lupus erythematosus
e. Chronic hepatitis - answer>>A, B, D, E. AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria, acute
and chronic hepatitis, and chronic renal failure are commonly associated with anemias of chronic disease.
2
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
1. Which type of anemia is characterized by fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea, as well as conjunctiva of the eyes and
brittle, concave nails?
a. Pernicious
b. Aplastic
c. Iron deficiency
d. Hemolytic - answer>>Iron deficiency. Early symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) include fatigue,
weakness, and shortness of breath. Pale earlobes, palms, and conjunctivae (see Figure 28-4) are also common signs.
Progressive IDA causes more severe alterations, with structural and functional changes apparent in epithelial tissue
(see Figure 28-4). The nails become brittle, thin, coarsely ridged, and spoon-shaped or concave (koilonychia) as a
result of impaired capillary circulation. The tongue becomes red, sore, and painful.
1. Which statement concerning erythrocytes is true?
a. Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
b. Erythrocytes synthesize proteins.
c. Erythrocytes have the ability to change shape to squeeze through microcirculation.
d. Erythrocyte colony-stimulating factor (E-CSF) stimulates erythrocytes. - answer>>C. Reversible deformity
enables the erythrocyte to assume a more compact torpedo-like shape, squeeze through the microcirculation, and
return to normal.
1. Which of the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk- shaped cytoplasmic
fragments essential for blood clotting?
a. Monocytes
b. Macrophages
c. Platelets
d. Erythrocytes - answer>>Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
that are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding.
1. What is the life span of platelets (in days)?
a. 10
b. 90
c. 30
3
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
d. 120 - answer>>A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the mononuclear
phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
1. Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. Erythrocytes - answer>>Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation.
1. Which blood cells are biconcave in shape and have the capacity to be reversibly deformed?
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. Erythrocytes - answer>>The erythrocyte's size and shape are ideally suited to its function as a gas carrier. A red
blood cell (RBC) is a small disk with two unique properties: (1) a biconcave shape and (2) the capacity to be
reversibly deformed.
1. What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?
a. 20 to 30
b. 100 to 120
c. 60 to 90
d. 200 to 240 - answer>>Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of
approximately 120 days.
1. Local signs and symptoms of Hodgkin disease-related lymphadenopathy are a result of which of the following?
a. Pressure and ischemia
b. Inflammation and ischemia
c. Pressure and obstruction
d. Inflammation and pressure - answer>>Pressure and obstruction. Local symptoms caused by pressure and
obstruction of the lymph nodes are the result of lymphadenopathy.
4
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
❖ Vitamin is required for normal clotting factor synthesis by the ?
➢ K; kidneys
➢ K; liver
➢ D; kidneys
➢ D; liver - answer>>K; liver. Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin, is necessary for the synthesis and regulation of
prothrombin, procoagulant factors (VII, IX, X), and anticoagulant regulators (proteins C and S) in the liver.
▪ Which statement is true regarding the physical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia?
• Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia seldom results in neurologic symptoms.
• The chances of a cure are good with appropriate treatment.
• The condition is reversible in 75% of the cases.
• Symptoms are a result of demyelination. - answer>>Symptoms are a result of demyelination. The neurologic
manifestations characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia result from nerve demyelination that may produce
neuronal death. These complications pose a serious threat because they are not reversible, even with appropriate
treatment.
A 2000 ml blood loss will produce which assessment finding? (Select all that apply.)
➢ Air hunger
➢ Normal blood pressure in the supine position
➢ Rapid thready pulse
➢ Cold clammy skin
➢ lactic acidosis - answer>>A, C, D. With a 2000 ml loss of blood, central venous pressure, cardiac output, and
arterial blood pressure are below normal, even when at rest and in the supine position. The person commonly has
air hunger; a rapid, thready pulse; and cold, clammy skin. With a 1500 ml loss of blood, supine blood pressure and
pulse can still be normal. Lactic acidosis is observed with a blood loss of 2500 ml or more.
1
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
▪ Which conditions are generally included in the symptoms of pernicious anemia
(PA)? (Select all that apply.)
• Weakness
• Weight gain
• Low hemoglobin
• Paresthesias
• Low hematocrit - answer>>A, C, D, E. When the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the blood have
significantly decreased, the individual experiences the classic symptoms of PA weakness, fatigue,
paresthesias of the feet and fingers, difficulty in walking, loss of appetite, abdominal pains, and weight loss.
What are the clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia? (Select all that apply.)
a. Constipation
b. Flatulence
c. Dysphagia
d. Stomatitis
e. Cheilosis - answer>>B, C, D, E. Specific symptoms of folate deficiency anemia include severe cheilosis (scales and
fissures of the lips and corners of the mouth), stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), and painful ulcerations of
the buccal mucosa and tongue. Gastrointestinal symptoms may be present and include dysphagia (difficulty
swallowing), flatulence, and watery diarrhea.
1. Which diseases are commonly associated with anemia of chronic disease? (Select all that apply.)
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c. Polycythemia vera
d. Systemic lupus erythematosus
e. Chronic hepatitis - answer>>A, B, D, E. AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria, acute
and chronic hepatitis, and chronic renal failure are commonly associated with anemias of chronic disease.
2
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
1. Which type of anemia is characterized by fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea, as well as conjunctiva of the eyes and
brittle, concave nails?
a. Pernicious
b. Aplastic
c. Iron deficiency
d. Hemolytic - answer>>Iron deficiency. Early symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) include fatigue,
weakness, and shortness of breath. Pale earlobes, palms, and conjunctivae (see Figure 28-4) are also common signs.
Progressive IDA causes more severe alterations, with structural and functional changes apparent in epithelial tissue
(see Figure 28-4). The nails become brittle, thin, coarsely ridged, and spoon-shaped or concave (koilonychia) as a
result of impaired capillary circulation. The tongue becomes red, sore, and painful.
1. Which statement concerning erythrocytes is true?
a. Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
b. Erythrocytes synthesize proteins.
c. Erythrocytes have the ability to change shape to squeeze through microcirculation.
d. Erythrocyte colony-stimulating factor (E-CSF) stimulates erythrocytes. - answer>>C. Reversible deformity
enables the erythrocyte to assume a more compact torpedo-like shape, squeeze through the microcirculation, and
return to normal.
1. Which of the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk- shaped cytoplasmic
fragments essential for blood clotting?
a. Monocytes
b. Macrophages
c. Platelets
d. Erythrocytes - answer>>Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
that are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding.
1. What is the life span of platelets (in days)?
a. 10
b. 90
c. 30
3
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADED)
d. 120 - answer>>A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the mononuclear
phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
1. Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. Erythrocytes - answer>>Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation.
1. Which blood cells are biconcave in shape and have the capacity to be reversibly deformed?
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Monocytes
d. Erythrocytes - answer>>The erythrocyte's size and shape are ideally suited to its function as a gas carrier. A red
blood cell (RBC) is a small disk with two unique properties: (1) a biconcave shape and (2) the capacity to be
reversibly deformed.
1. What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?
a. 20 to 30
b. 100 to 120
c. 60 to 90
d. 200 to 240 - answer>>Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of
approximately 120 days.
1. Local signs and symptoms of Hodgkin disease-related lymphadenopathy are a result of which of the following?
a. Pressure and ischemia
b. Inflammation and ischemia
c. Pressure and obstruction
d. Inflammation and pressure - answer>>Pressure and obstruction. Local symptoms caused by pressure and
obstruction of the lymph nodes are the result of lymphadenopathy.
4
