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Volledige samenvatting deel 3 Casteels - farmacologie - KUL

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Volledige samenvatting van deel 3 farmacologie gegeven door professor Casteels. Opgemaakt in 2023, Veel studieplezier :)

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INHOUDSOPGAVE

farmacotherapie vr Psychose en manie: antipsychotica en lithium ................................................................. 3

Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Antipsychotica..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Lithium .............................................................................................................................................................. 10

Parkinson en parkinsonisme ......................................................................................................................... 15
Pathofysiologie ................................................................................................................................................. 16
L-DOPA + decarboxylase inhibitoren ................................................................................................................. 16

Directe dopamine agonisten ............................................................................................................................. 18
Amantadine ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

Selegiline, rasagiline, safinamide ...................................................................................................................... 20
Antimuscarinica met centrale werking ............................................................................................................. 21
COMT inhibitoren .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Apomorfine ....................................................................................................................................................... 22

andere behandelingen ...................................................................................................................................... 22

Andere bewegingsstoornissen ...................................................................................................................... 23

Tremor .............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Medicatie-geïnduceerde dyskinesie / dystonie ................................................................................................. 23
Maligne antipsychotica syndroom .................................................................................................................... 24
Restless legs syndroom ..................................................................................................................................... 24

Spierrelaxantia ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Diazepam .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Baclofen ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Tizanidine .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Riluzol................................................................................................................................................................ 26
Dantroleen ........................................................................................................................................................ 26

Botulinetoxine ................................................................................................................................................... 26

Alzheimer ..................................................................................................................................................... 27
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
Neurobiologisch mechanisme bij de ziekte van Alzheimer en mogelijke therapeutische targets ..................... 27
ACE-inhibitoren ................................................................................................................................................. 29

NMDA-antagonist: memantine......................................................................................................................... 29




1

,Hypnotica en anxiolytica .............................................................................................................................. 30

Benzodiazepines (!) ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Stoffen met werking analoog aan deze vd benzodiazepines: Z-drugs .............................................................. 41
Benzodiazepine-antagonst: flumazenil ............................................................................................................. 42
!-blokkers ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Histamine H1 R blokker ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Antidepressiva................................................................................................................................................... 42
Fytotherapeutica............................................................................................................................................... 42
Melatonine ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
Barbituraten...................................................................................................................................................... 43




2

,FARMACOTHERAPIE VR PSYCHOSE EN MANIE: ANTIPSYCHOTICA EN LITHIUM

INLEIDING

Psychose: verlies van contact met de werkelijkheid
- Gebrek aan redeneringsvermogen, agitatie, desorgansiatie, paranoide gedachten, depressieve
gedachten
- Hallucinaties en wanen

Kan plaatsvinden bij
- Schizofrenie
- Bipolaire stoornis
- Borderline persoonlijkheidsstoornis
- Ernstige vormen van depressie, dementie
- ...

Psychose ≠ depressie à bij depressie gn verlies van contact met de werkelijkheid

Schizofrenie:
- Een ernstige psychiatrische aandoening
- 1% vd bevolking à dus eig niet zo zeldzaam
- Vaak eerste onset als adolescent
- Wisselende, sombere prognose
- Mortaliteit ligt heel erg hoog

Diagnose stelling van schizofrenie obv DSM-5 criteria

Pos sympt: wanen, hallucinaties, excessen en overdrijven

Neg sympt: alogie (spraakarmoede tgv gedachtenarmoede), affectieve afvlakking, asociaal gedrag, anhedonie
(nt meer blij knn zijn), motivatie ↓

Behandeling = 2 fasen
- Acute behandeling van stemmingsepisoden à antipsychotica en stemmingsstabilisator
- Profylactische onderhoudsbehandeling

Bij bipolaire stoornis: indien acute depressie en men geeft antidepressiva à risico op manische fase (?)
Daarom antidepressiva vermijden bij bipolaire pt

Chronisch dus onderhoudsbehandeling: stemmingstabilisator à lithium vaak 1e keuze
evt anti-E: lamotrigine, carbamazepine en valproaat



Vaak bijwerkingen dus goed opvolgen

Indien zwangerschapswens: lithium en valproaat vermijden, switch nr minder teratogeen gnm




3

, En uiteraard: plots stoppen vd medicatie moet zeker vermeden worden!



ROL VAN DOPAMINE

Antipsychotica blokkeren D2 R

Bij schizofrenie tijdens een acute psychotische fase: dopamine synthese ↑, dopamine vrijzetting ↑, dopamine
conc thv synaptische spleet ↑

Dus het blokkeren vd D2 R zou idd gunstig zijn dan



AMFETAMINE EN COCAÏNE

Beiden: dopamine release mesolimbisch ↑ à overactiviteit vd mesolimbische dopaminerge pathway: °
positieve sympt bij psychose, onafh vd oorzaak

FENCYCLIDINE (PCP)

- Een halluciniogeen
- Geeft pos sympt, maar ook affectieve, neg en congitieve symp
- Is een NMDA R antagonist à NMDA R hypothese vr schizofrenie
- Ketamine is ook een NMDA R antagonist



ANTIPSYCHOTICA

Vr het eerst rond 1950 toevallig ontdekt à werden toen de neuroleptica genoemd

Want ze veroorzaken ‘neurolepsis’
= toestand van onverschilligheid, trage en afw motorische activiteit
(behouden wel van alertheid en cognitieve functies)

Pas 20 jaar daarna ontdekt dat het ging om D2 R blokkade die verantw was vr de werking + bijwerkingen



CHEMIE VAN ANTIPSYCHOTICA

Onderverdeling in
- Klassieke/typische antipsychotica
- Atypische antipsychotica à ook nog op andere R dan de D2 R effect + hogere dosis vereist vd
atypische bij zware aanvallen ivgm de typische

Onderverdeling maakt niet echt uit qua doeltreffendheid/werking à werking vooral eerder molecuulgebonden
Evt wel relevant vr de bijwerkingen




4

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