MODULE 8: Problems Related to Regulatory and Reproductive Mechanisms:
Assessment of Endocrine System and Diabetes Mellitus
Complete the following Endocrine Overview table:
Endocrine Hormone Source Target Tissue Functions
Growth hormone Anterior pituitary All tissues Stimulates the pituitary gland to
(GH) produce and release growth hormone
into the bloodstream to act on virtually
every tissue of the body to control
metabolism and growth
Luteinizing Anterior pituitary Ovaries, testes Ovulation, luteinization of follicle /
hormone (LH) testosterone secretion
Thyroid-Stimulating Anterior pituitary Thyroid gland Thyroxine secretion
Hormone (TSH)
Antidiuretic Posterior pituitary Kidney tubules, Water excretion, blood pressure
hormone (ADH) smooth muscle in regulation
arterioles
Epinephrine Adrenal medulla All tissues Metabolism, heart rate and output,
(adrenaline) stress responses
Glucagon Pancreas Liver Elevates blood glucose
Insulin Pancreas Most tissues, Glucose utilization, decreases blood
notably muscle and glucose
liver
Estrogen Ovaries Reproductive Reproductive development, controls
organs menstrual cycle, controls cholesterol,
bone mass
Testosterone Testes Reproductive Reproductive development, regulate
organs sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat
distribution, muscle mass and strength,
and the production of red blood cells
and sperm
, Complete the following Assessment Abnormalities table:
Assessment Abnormalities Description Possibly Etiology
Vitiligo A condition in which the skin loses Autoimmune conditions, genetics,
its pigment cells (melanocytes) stress/trauma
resulting in discolored patches in
different areas of the body
Goiter An abnormal enlargement of the Iodine deficiency, Grave’s disease,
thyroid gland Hashimoto’s disease, thyroid cancer,
pregnancy, inflammation, thyroid
dysfunction
Exophthalmos (proptosis) Bulging/protruding eyeballs Grave’s ophthalmopathy disease, eye
injury/trauma, eye infection, cancerous
tumors
Moon face Round, full, and puffy face Hyperadrenocorticism
(hypercortisolism), Cushing’s
syndrome, excess ACTH release,
long-term use of steroid medications
Thyroid nodules Solid or fluid-filled lumps that form Thyroid tissue overgrowth, thyroid
on the thyroid cyst, chronic thyroid inflammation,
thyroid cancer, iodine deficiency
Hyperpigmentation A common, usually harmless Excess melanin production
condition in which patches of skin
become darker in color than the
normal surrounding skin
Tetany A symptom characterized by Hypocalcemia, alcohol abuse,
muscle cramps, spasms or alkalosis, hyperventilation,
tremors hypoparathyroidism, malnutrition,
pancreatitis, pregnancy, vitamin D
deficiency
Striae Stretch marks causing irregular Rapid growth or weight gain
areas of skin that look like bands,
stripes, or lines
Polydipsia Extreme thirst Dehydration, medications, diabetes
mellitus, diabetes insipidus, excess
salt intake, stress/anxiety
Assessment of Endocrine System and Diabetes Mellitus
Complete the following Endocrine Overview table:
Endocrine Hormone Source Target Tissue Functions
Growth hormone Anterior pituitary All tissues Stimulates the pituitary gland to
(GH) produce and release growth hormone
into the bloodstream to act on virtually
every tissue of the body to control
metabolism and growth
Luteinizing Anterior pituitary Ovaries, testes Ovulation, luteinization of follicle /
hormone (LH) testosterone secretion
Thyroid-Stimulating Anterior pituitary Thyroid gland Thyroxine secretion
Hormone (TSH)
Antidiuretic Posterior pituitary Kidney tubules, Water excretion, blood pressure
hormone (ADH) smooth muscle in regulation
arterioles
Epinephrine Adrenal medulla All tissues Metabolism, heart rate and output,
(adrenaline) stress responses
Glucagon Pancreas Liver Elevates blood glucose
Insulin Pancreas Most tissues, Glucose utilization, decreases blood
notably muscle and glucose
liver
Estrogen Ovaries Reproductive Reproductive development, controls
organs menstrual cycle, controls cholesterol,
bone mass
Testosterone Testes Reproductive Reproductive development, regulate
organs sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat
distribution, muscle mass and strength,
and the production of red blood cells
and sperm
, Complete the following Assessment Abnormalities table:
Assessment Abnormalities Description Possibly Etiology
Vitiligo A condition in which the skin loses Autoimmune conditions, genetics,
its pigment cells (melanocytes) stress/trauma
resulting in discolored patches in
different areas of the body
Goiter An abnormal enlargement of the Iodine deficiency, Grave’s disease,
thyroid gland Hashimoto’s disease, thyroid cancer,
pregnancy, inflammation, thyroid
dysfunction
Exophthalmos (proptosis) Bulging/protruding eyeballs Grave’s ophthalmopathy disease, eye
injury/trauma, eye infection, cancerous
tumors
Moon face Round, full, and puffy face Hyperadrenocorticism
(hypercortisolism), Cushing’s
syndrome, excess ACTH release,
long-term use of steroid medications
Thyroid nodules Solid or fluid-filled lumps that form Thyroid tissue overgrowth, thyroid
on the thyroid cyst, chronic thyroid inflammation,
thyroid cancer, iodine deficiency
Hyperpigmentation A common, usually harmless Excess melanin production
condition in which patches of skin
become darker in color than the
normal surrounding skin
Tetany A symptom characterized by Hypocalcemia, alcohol abuse,
muscle cramps, spasms or alkalosis, hyperventilation,
tremors hypoparathyroidism, malnutrition,
pancreatitis, pregnancy, vitamin D
deficiency
Striae Stretch marks causing irregular Rapid growth or weight gain
areas of skin that look like bands,
stripes, or lines
Polydipsia Extreme thirst Dehydration, medications, diabetes
mellitus, diabetes insipidus, excess
salt intake, stress/anxiety
