Micro Final
Bioi 210 Final (Certified Questions &
Answers) 2025/2026
Question Answer
The killing or removal of all viable
Sterilization
organisms within a growth medium
Inhibition Effectively limiting microbial growth
The treatment of an object to make it safe
Decontamination
to handle
Directly targets the removal of all
Disinfection pathogens, not necessarily all
microorganisms
UV has sufficient energy to cause
Radiation Sterilization
modifications and breaks in DNA;
Electromagnetic radiation that produce ions
Ionizing radiation
and other reactive molecules
D value Amount of energy required to reduce
, viability tenfold
Cathode ray tubes, X-rays and radioactive
Sources of Radiation
nuclides
Controls the bacterial population (both total
Bacteriostatic
and viable cell count)
Bacteriocidal Kills the viable bacterial population
Kills the Bacterial population (both total and
Bacteriolytic
viable)
Sterilants disinfectants sanitizers and
Bacteria growth prevention
antiseptics
Alcohol, phenol compounds, Cationic
Antiseptics detergents (soap), Hydrogen peroxide,
Octenidine
Eukaryotes -> Fungi Bacteria ->
Mycobacteria, Gram-negative, Gram-
Antimicrobial Spectrum
positive Obligately parasitic -> Chlamydia,
Rickettsia Virus -> RNA/DNA Viruses
52% of the annual worldwide production
B-Lactam
and use of Antibiotics
Selective Toxicity It's ability to inhibit or kill a pathogen
, without affecting the host
Salvarsan One of the first antimicrobial drugs
Structurally similar to growth factors but do
Growth factor analogs not function in the cell. (Vitamins, amino
acids, etc...) (Add a Halogen)
Discovered by Gerhard Domagk in the
Sulfa drugs 1930s; Inhibit growth of Bacteria (p-
Aminobenzoic acid; Folic acid)
Growth analog effective only against
Isoniazid Mycobacterium. Interferes with synthesis of
mycolic acid
Formed by the addition of bromine or
Nucleic acid base analogs
flourine
Antibacterial compounds that interfere with
Quinolones
DNA gyrase (floxacin)
Naturally produced antimicrobial agents;
Antibiotics Less than 1% of known antibiotics are
clinically useful.
Broad spectrum antibiotics Effective against both groups of bacteria
Penicillin B-Lactam antibiotics -Natural -Semisynthetic
, -Broad Synthetic
Antibiotics from Prokaryotes Streptomycin, Kanamycin
Erythromycin A macrolide antibiotic; prokaryotes
-Also produced by Streptomyces -Used to
Daptomycin treat gram-positive bacterial infections -
Froms pores in cytoplasmic membrane
-New structural class of antibiotic -Broad-
Platensimycin
spectrum, effective against MRSA and
The acquired ability of a microorganism to
resist the effects of a chemotherapeutic
agent to which it is normally sensitive -
Antimicrobial drug resistance Organism lacks structure being inhibited -
Organism is impermeable -Organism
inactivates -Modifies the target -efflux -
pathwa
-Often confers drug resistance -overuse of
R plasmid antibiotics select for the spread of R
plasmid
Pathogens -Microbial parasites
-The ability of a parasite to inflict damage
Pathogenicity
the host
Bioi 210 Final (Certified Questions &
Answers) 2025/2026
Question Answer
The killing or removal of all viable
Sterilization
organisms within a growth medium
Inhibition Effectively limiting microbial growth
The treatment of an object to make it safe
Decontamination
to handle
Directly targets the removal of all
Disinfection pathogens, not necessarily all
microorganisms
UV has sufficient energy to cause
Radiation Sterilization
modifications and breaks in DNA;
Electromagnetic radiation that produce ions
Ionizing radiation
and other reactive molecules
D value Amount of energy required to reduce
, viability tenfold
Cathode ray tubes, X-rays and radioactive
Sources of Radiation
nuclides
Controls the bacterial population (both total
Bacteriostatic
and viable cell count)
Bacteriocidal Kills the viable bacterial population
Kills the Bacterial population (both total and
Bacteriolytic
viable)
Sterilants disinfectants sanitizers and
Bacteria growth prevention
antiseptics
Alcohol, phenol compounds, Cationic
Antiseptics detergents (soap), Hydrogen peroxide,
Octenidine
Eukaryotes -> Fungi Bacteria ->
Mycobacteria, Gram-negative, Gram-
Antimicrobial Spectrum
positive Obligately parasitic -> Chlamydia,
Rickettsia Virus -> RNA/DNA Viruses
52% of the annual worldwide production
B-Lactam
and use of Antibiotics
Selective Toxicity It's ability to inhibit or kill a pathogen
, without affecting the host
Salvarsan One of the first antimicrobial drugs
Structurally similar to growth factors but do
Growth factor analogs not function in the cell. (Vitamins, amino
acids, etc...) (Add a Halogen)
Discovered by Gerhard Domagk in the
Sulfa drugs 1930s; Inhibit growth of Bacteria (p-
Aminobenzoic acid; Folic acid)
Growth analog effective only against
Isoniazid Mycobacterium. Interferes with synthesis of
mycolic acid
Formed by the addition of bromine or
Nucleic acid base analogs
flourine
Antibacterial compounds that interfere with
Quinolones
DNA gyrase (floxacin)
Naturally produced antimicrobial agents;
Antibiotics Less than 1% of known antibiotics are
clinically useful.
Broad spectrum antibiotics Effective against both groups of bacteria
Penicillin B-Lactam antibiotics -Natural -Semisynthetic
, -Broad Synthetic
Antibiotics from Prokaryotes Streptomycin, Kanamycin
Erythromycin A macrolide antibiotic; prokaryotes
-Also produced by Streptomyces -Used to
Daptomycin treat gram-positive bacterial infections -
Froms pores in cytoplasmic membrane
-New structural class of antibiotic -Broad-
Platensimycin
spectrum, effective against MRSA and
The acquired ability of a microorganism to
resist the effects of a chemotherapeutic
agent to which it is normally sensitive -
Antimicrobial drug resistance Organism lacks structure being inhibited -
Organism is impermeable -Organism
inactivates -Modifies the target -efflux -
pathwa
-Often confers drug resistance -overuse of
R plasmid antibiotics select for the spread of R
plasmid
Pathogens -Microbial parasites
-The ability of a parasite to inflict damage
Pathogenicity
the host
