HIEU 322 Final Exam Questions and
answers 2025
First .Triumvirate .- .ANS✓✓-Caesar, .Pompey, .and .Crassus
Pompey .- .ANS✓✓-Leading .Roman .general .in .the .late .Republic.
As .a .statesman, .he .spoke .poorly .and .awkwardly, .and .often .fell .back .on .silence
.because .he .could .think .of .nothing .to .say.
Main .ambition .was .to .be .admired .as .Rome's .greatest .hero.
Marcus .Licinius .Crassus .- .ANS✓✓-Was .of .nobility, .and .was .noted .for .his
.ambition .and .business .savvy, .particularly .in .the .acquisition .of .burned .property,
.which .he .would .repair .or .rebuild .for .a .profit.
Put .down .the .rebellion .of .Spartacus
The .Consulship .of .Pompey .and .Crassus .- .ANS✓✓-In .70 .B.C., .both .Pompey
.and .Crassus .were .elected .as .consuls. .
1. .Passed .a .law .to .restore .to .the .tribunes .all .powers .taken .away .by .Sulla.
2. .Proposed .a .law .to .restore .citizenship .to .all .who .had .fought .under .Lepidus
.and .Sertorius.
3. .Revived .the .censorship, .dormant .since .Sulla's .time.
4. .Successfully .supported .a .law .that .broke .the .senatorial .monopoly .on .jury
.service.
The .lex .Gabinia .- .ANS✓✓-Enacted .in .67 .B.C. .by .the .consul .Gabinius .to
.appoint .Pompey .as .a .centralized .commander .to .combat .pirates.
1. .The .commander's .authority, .superior .to .that .of .the .provincial .governors,
.extended .over .all .coastal .lands .up .to .50 .Roman .miles .from .the .sea.
2. .He .could .draw .from .the .public .treasury.
3. .He .could .raise .a .fleet .up .to .500 .ships, .and .recruit .an .army .of .120,000
.infantry .and .5,000 .cavalry.
Pompey .in .the .eastern .Mediterranean .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Cleaned .the .Mediterranean
.of .pirates .in .40 .days.
2. .Took .Jerusalem .in .63 .B.C., .ending .Jewish .independence
,Pompey's .victory .- .ANS✓✓-Victory .rested .upon:
A. .His .overwhelming .superiority .of .armaments.
B. .His .treatment .of .captives. .Instead .of .following .the .usual .Roman .practice .of
.crucifying .or .selling .them .into .slavery .he .resettled .those .who .surrendered .on
.farms .or .villages .in .Asia .Minor.
Julius .Caesar .(First .Triumvirate) .- .ANS✓✓-Between .59 .and .52 .B.C. .he .built .an
.impressive .political .and .military .reputation—serving .first .as .consul, .and .then
.fighting .in .the .Gallic .War. .
He .was .smart, .unconventional, .and .bold .almost .to .the .point .of .recklessness.
The .Breakdown .of .the .First .Triumvirate .- .ANS✓✓-1. .The .death .of .Crassus .in
.Syria .in .53 .B.C.
2. .Pompey- .with .his .geographical .proximity .to .Rome .and .the .rise .of .gang
.violence .in .Rome .that .he .was .called .upon .to .put .down- .believed .that .he .was
.within .reach .of .being .a .traditional .leader.
.3. .The .death .of .Pompey's .wife .(and .Caesar's .daughter) .ended .the .family
.connection .between .Caesar .and .Pompey.
4. .In .50 .B.C., .the .optimates .tried .to .force .Caesar .from .command .in .Gaul, .and
.commissioned .Pompey .to .lead .two .legions .against .him.
The .death .of .Crassus .in .Syria .in .53 .B.C. .- .ANS✓✓-Wanting .to .enhance .his
.military .reputation, .Crassus .attacked .the .Parthians .to .his .east.
Killed .at .Carrhae
Crossing .the .Rubicon .- .ANS✓✓-In .January .49 .B.C., .Caesar- .claiming .to .be
.acting .in .the .defense .of .the .tribunes-- .crossed .the .Rubicon .River, .and .moved
.toward .Rome .with .his .army .(6 .legions .or .30,000 .infantry .and .3,000 .cavalry). .
Marked .the .beginning .of .the .Roman .Civil .War.
The .Roman .Civil .War, .49-45 .B.C. .- .ANS✓✓-1. .As .Caesar .marched .toward
.Rome, .Pompey's .two .trained .legions- .mostly .veterans .from .Caesar's
.campaigns- .abandoned .him
2. .Occupied .Rome .and .became .dictator .(December .49 .B.C.).
3. .The .Battle .of .Pharsalus .(August .48 .B.C.)
4. .Intervened .on .behalf .of .Cleopatra .in .the .Egyptian .civil .war, .installing .her .to
.power .over .her .brother .in .47 .B.C.
5. .Between .47 .and .45 .B.C., .he .dealt .with- .and .defeated-- .the .supporters .of
.Pompey .(including .Cato) .in .Africa .and .Spain.
The .Battle .of .Pharsalus .(August .48 .B.C.) .- .ANS✓✓-Caesar .pursued .Pompey .to
.Greece
, Clashed .in .Thessaly .(at .Pharsalus), .where .he .divisively .defeated .Pompey
Numerical .advantage--
Pompey's .Advantage .at .Pharsalus .- .ANS✓✓-Numerical .advantage--
Caesar's .total .force: .30,000
Pompey's .total .force: .55,000
Held .the .higher .ground
Possessed .ample .supplies .from .Greek .allies
Pompey's .Mistake .at .Pharsalus .- .ANS✓✓-Failed .to .charge, .allowing .Caesar's
.exhausted .men- .who .had .begun .a .charge .from .a .great .distance .away- .to .stop
.and .rest
Death .of .Pompey .- .ANS✓✓-Pompey .fled .to .Egypt, .where .Ptolemy .XIII- .in .a .civil
.war .with .his .famous .sister .Cleopatra .VII- .murdered .Pompey .in .an .attempt .to
.link .their .cause .with .the .rising .Caesar. .
They .cut .off .Pompey's .head, .pickled .it .in .brine .for .a .gift .to .Caesar, .and .left .the
.body .to .rot .on .the .shore.
Reforms .of .Julius .Caesar .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Established .law .and .order-- .put .down
.street .gangs .in .Rome
2. .Reduced .the .number .of .unemployed .from .320,000 .to .150,000 .through .a
.public .works .project.
3. .Cancelled .interest .on .debts
4. .Extended .citizenship .to .a .number .of .people—especially .those .groups .(such
.as .the .Jews) .that .had .supported .him .in .his .military .campaigns.
5. .Laid .the .foundation .for .Rome's .Imperial .coinage. .
6. .Introduced .a .new .calendar .based .on .the .Egyptian .solar .calendar .and .with .a
.year .beginning .on .January .1, .and .lasting .365 .¼ .days.
Death .of .Caesar .- .ANS✓✓-In .44 .B.C., .Caesar .assumed .the .title ."dictator .for
.life." .
Caesar .was .assassinated .by .Senators .("the .Tyrannicides") .on .15 .March .44 .B.C.
The .Second .Triumvirate .- .ANS✓✓-Coalition .of .Marcus .Antonius, .Octavian, .and
.Marcus .Lepidus.
Formed .to .fight .the ."tyrannicides" .and .avenge .Caesar's .death.
Banned .its .enemies .and .potential .rivals, .including .Cicero.
Defeated .the .tyrannicides .in .42 .B.C. .at .Philippi.
answers 2025
First .Triumvirate .- .ANS✓✓-Caesar, .Pompey, .and .Crassus
Pompey .- .ANS✓✓-Leading .Roman .general .in .the .late .Republic.
As .a .statesman, .he .spoke .poorly .and .awkwardly, .and .often .fell .back .on .silence
.because .he .could .think .of .nothing .to .say.
Main .ambition .was .to .be .admired .as .Rome's .greatest .hero.
Marcus .Licinius .Crassus .- .ANS✓✓-Was .of .nobility, .and .was .noted .for .his
.ambition .and .business .savvy, .particularly .in .the .acquisition .of .burned .property,
.which .he .would .repair .or .rebuild .for .a .profit.
Put .down .the .rebellion .of .Spartacus
The .Consulship .of .Pompey .and .Crassus .- .ANS✓✓-In .70 .B.C., .both .Pompey
.and .Crassus .were .elected .as .consuls. .
1. .Passed .a .law .to .restore .to .the .tribunes .all .powers .taken .away .by .Sulla.
2. .Proposed .a .law .to .restore .citizenship .to .all .who .had .fought .under .Lepidus
.and .Sertorius.
3. .Revived .the .censorship, .dormant .since .Sulla's .time.
4. .Successfully .supported .a .law .that .broke .the .senatorial .monopoly .on .jury
.service.
The .lex .Gabinia .- .ANS✓✓-Enacted .in .67 .B.C. .by .the .consul .Gabinius .to
.appoint .Pompey .as .a .centralized .commander .to .combat .pirates.
1. .The .commander's .authority, .superior .to .that .of .the .provincial .governors,
.extended .over .all .coastal .lands .up .to .50 .Roman .miles .from .the .sea.
2. .He .could .draw .from .the .public .treasury.
3. .He .could .raise .a .fleet .up .to .500 .ships, .and .recruit .an .army .of .120,000
.infantry .and .5,000 .cavalry.
Pompey .in .the .eastern .Mediterranean .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Cleaned .the .Mediterranean
.of .pirates .in .40 .days.
2. .Took .Jerusalem .in .63 .B.C., .ending .Jewish .independence
,Pompey's .victory .- .ANS✓✓-Victory .rested .upon:
A. .His .overwhelming .superiority .of .armaments.
B. .His .treatment .of .captives. .Instead .of .following .the .usual .Roman .practice .of
.crucifying .or .selling .them .into .slavery .he .resettled .those .who .surrendered .on
.farms .or .villages .in .Asia .Minor.
Julius .Caesar .(First .Triumvirate) .- .ANS✓✓-Between .59 .and .52 .B.C. .he .built .an
.impressive .political .and .military .reputation—serving .first .as .consul, .and .then
.fighting .in .the .Gallic .War. .
He .was .smart, .unconventional, .and .bold .almost .to .the .point .of .recklessness.
The .Breakdown .of .the .First .Triumvirate .- .ANS✓✓-1. .The .death .of .Crassus .in
.Syria .in .53 .B.C.
2. .Pompey- .with .his .geographical .proximity .to .Rome .and .the .rise .of .gang
.violence .in .Rome .that .he .was .called .upon .to .put .down- .believed .that .he .was
.within .reach .of .being .a .traditional .leader.
.3. .The .death .of .Pompey's .wife .(and .Caesar's .daughter) .ended .the .family
.connection .between .Caesar .and .Pompey.
4. .In .50 .B.C., .the .optimates .tried .to .force .Caesar .from .command .in .Gaul, .and
.commissioned .Pompey .to .lead .two .legions .against .him.
The .death .of .Crassus .in .Syria .in .53 .B.C. .- .ANS✓✓-Wanting .to .enhance .his
.military .reputation, .Crassus .attacked .the .Parthians .to .his .east.
Killed .at .Carrhae
Crossing .the .Rubicon .- .ANS✓✓-In .January .49 .B.C., .Caesar- .claiming .to .be
.acting .in .the .defense .of .the .tribunes-- .crossed .the .Rubicon .River, .and .moved
.toward .Rome .with .his .army .(6 .legions .or .30,000 .infantry .and .3,000 .cavalry). .
Marked .the .beginning .of .the .Roman .Civil .War.
The .Roman .Civil .War, .49-45 .B.C. .- .ANS✓✓-1. .As .Caesar .marched .toward
.Rome, .Pompey's .two .trained .legions- .mostly .veterans .from .Caesar's
.campaigns- .abandoned .him
2. .Occupied .Rome .and .became .dictator .(December .49 .B.C.).
3. .The .Battle .of .Pharsalus .(August .48 .B.C.)
4. .Intervened .on .behalf .of .Cleopatra .in .the .Egyptian .civil .war, .installing .her .to
.power .over .her .brother .in .47 .B.C.
5. .Between .47 .and .45 .B.C., .he .dealt .with- .and .defeated-- .the .supporters .of
.Pompey .(including .Cato) .in .Africa .and .Spain.
The .Battle .of .Pharsalus .(August .48 .B.C.) .- .ANS✓✓-Caesar .pursued .Pompey .to
.Greece
, Clashed .in .Thessaly .(at .Pharsalus), .where .he .divisively .defeated .Pompey
Numerical .advantage--
Pompey's .Advantage .at .Pharsalus .- .ANS✓✓-Numerical .advantage--
Caesar's .total .force: .30,000
Pompey's .total .force: .55,000
Held .the .higher .ground
Possessed .ample .supplies .from .Greek .allies
Pompey's .Mistake .at .Pharsalus .- .ANS✓✓-Failed .to .charge, .allowing .Caesar's
.exhausted .men- .who .had .begun .a .charge .from .a .great .distance .away- .to .stop
.and .rest
Death .of .Pompey .- .ANS✓✓-Pompey .fled .to .Egypt, .where .Ptolemy .XIII- .in .a .civil
.war .with .his .famous .sister .Cleopatra .VII- .murdered .Pompey .in .an .attempt .to
.link .their .cause .with .the .rising .Caesar. .
They .cut .off .Pompey's .head, .pickled .it .in .brine .for .a .gift .to .Caesar, .and .left .the
.body .to .rot .on .the .shore.
Reforms .of .Julius .Caesar .- .ANS✓✓-1. .Established .law .and .order-- .put .down
.street .gangs .in .Rome
2. .Reduced .the .number .of .unemployed .from .320,000 .to .150,000 .through .a
.public .works .project.
3. .Cancelled .interest .on .debts
4. .Extended .citizenship .to .a .number .of .people—especially .those .groups .(such
.as .the .Jews) .that .had .supported .him .in .his .military .campaigns.
5. .Laid .the .foundation .for .Rome's .Imperial .coinage. .
6. .Introduced .a .new .calendar .based .on .the .Egyptian .solar .calendar .and .with .a
.year .beginning .on .January .1, .and .lasting .365 .¼ .days.
Death .of .Caesar .- .ANS✓✓-In .44 .B.C., .Caesar .assumed .the .title ."dictator .for
.life." .
Caesar .was .assassinated .by .Senators .("the .Tyrannicides") .on .15 .March .44 .B.C.
The .Second .Triumvirate .- .ANS✓✓-Coalition .of .Marcus .Antonius, .Octavian, .and
.Marcus .Lepidus.
Formed .to .fight .the ."tyrannicides" .and .avenge .Caesar's .death.
Banned .its .enemies .and .potential .rivals, .including .Cicero.
Defeated .the .tyrannicides .in .42 .B.C. .at .Philippi.
