NUR 239 Exam 1 Solution Manual Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 Already Passed
Therapeutic Classification - Answers Usually reflect the conditions for which the drugs are used
(antidepressants)
Prototype - Answers Individual drug the represents a group of drugs; usually the first drug of a particular
drug class to be developed
Generic Name - Answers related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the
manufacturer; indicates the drug group; lowercase
Brand name - Answers designed and patented by the manufacturer; name is capitalized
Controlled II scheduled drugs - Answers -Drugs that are used medically and have high abuse potentials
-DEA assigns prescribers a number which they must include on ALL prescriptions
-They cannot be refilled
What are the five things you must consider with herbal products? - Answers 1. Many of the products
may not be safe bc active ingredients and effects on the body are unknown; some contain heavy metals
and prescription and non-prescription drugs
2. Use of supplements may keep the patient from seeking treatment
3. The products may interact with prescription drugs to decrease therapeutic effects or increase adverse
effects
4. Most of the products have not been studied sufficiently to evaluate their safety or effectiveness
5. Many patients who use supplements do not tell their healthcare providers, which can lead to
dangerous interactions when the supplements are combined with prescription or OTC drugs
first pass effect - Answers when drugs are given orally, they're absorbed from the GI tract and carried to
the liver through the portal circulation
-some drugs are extensively metabolized by the liver, with only a part of the dose reaching the systemic
circulation for distribution to sites of action
Serum half-life - Answers time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%
-Determined by the drug's rate of metabolism and excretion
What are the variables related to pharmacokinetics? - Answers Age: In children, drug metabolizing
enzymes have an increased activity level, causing some drugs to be rapidly metabolized and eliminated
In adults, drugs are metabolized more slowly, are more likely to accumulate and have a longer effect
, Body Weight: Relates to dosage of the medication
Genetics: Some people's enzymes alter the way the medication is absorbed
Ethnicity: Most drug trials have been derived from white men.
Most AA's respond differently to some cardiovascular drugs
Asians usually require a much smaller dose
Sex: Women given equal dosages or equal weight-based dosages are thought to be exposed to higher
concentrations of medications compared to men
Agonists - Answers causes relief of pain, physiological effect that we want (blocks perception of pain)
-produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters, and
other substances
-may accelerate or slow normal cellular processes
Antagonists - Answers Drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites. prevents natural body
substances or other drugs from occupying the receptor sites and activating cell functions
Tolerance - Answers occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that
larger doses must be given to produce the same effects
what causes tolerance? - Answers activation of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, which
accelerates drug metabolism and excretion; they also are attributed to decreased sensitivity or numbers
or receptor sites
What are the major routes of med administration ? - Answers -oral, parenteral (injected), and topical
(applied to the skin)
Action of aspirin - Answers Inhibits prostaglandins, produces inflammatory effects needed for analgesia
and anti rheumatic effects, antipyretic
What does aspirin do at low doses? - Answers it blocks the synthesis of thromboxane and inhibits
platelet aggregation (used in patients with MI or previous MI to prevent another)
What is the use of aspirin? - Answers it is used to relieve mild pain, antipyretic agent in adults, used as
an anti-inflammatory agent in patients with osteoarthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
aspirin in patients with renal impairment - Answers nephrotoxic in high doses and protein binding of
aspirin is reduced in patients with renal failure, which means that blood levels of the active drug are
higher than they would be otherwise
adverse effects of aspirin - Answers Nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn, and epigastric discomfort; decreased
platelet aggregation results in GI blood loss and hemorrhage; petechiae and bruising may occur; it also
Therapeutic Classification - Answers Usually reflect the conditions for which the drugs are used
(antidepressants)
Prototype - Answers Individual drug the represents a group of drugs; usually the first drug of a particular
drug class to be developed
Generic Name - Answers related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the
manufacturer; indicates the drug group; lowercase
Brand name - Answers designed and patented by the manufacturer; name is capitalized
Controlled II scheduled drugs - Answers -Drugs that are used medically and have high abuse potentials
-DEA assigns prescribers a number which they must include on ALL prescriptions
-They cannot be refilled
What are the five things you must consider with herbal products? - Answers 1. Many of the products
may not be safe bc active ingredients and effects on the body are unknown; some contain heavy metals
and prescription and non-prescription drugs
2. Use of supplements may keep the patient from seeking treatment
3. The products may interact with prescription drugs to decrease therapeutic effects or increase adverse
effects
4. Most of the products have not been studied sufficiently to evaluate their safety or effectiveness
5. Many patients who use supplements do not tell their healthcare providers, which can lead to
dangerous interactions when the supplements are combined with prescription or OTC drugs
first pass effect - Answers when drugs are given orally, they're absorbed from the GI tract and carried to
the liver through the portal circulation
-some drugs are extensively metabolized by the liver, with only a part of the dose reaching the systemic
circulation for distribution to sites of action
Serum half-life - Answers time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%
-Determined by the drug's rate of metabolism and excretion
What are the variables related to pharmacokinetics? - Answers Age: In children, drug metabolizing
enzymes have an increased activity level, causing some drugs to be rapidly metabolized and eliminated
In adults, drugs are metabolized more slowly, are more likely to accumulate and have a longer effect
, Body Weight: Relates to dosage of the medication
Genetics: Some people's enzymes alter the way the medication is absorbed
Ethnicity: Most drug trials have been derived from white men.
Most AA's respond differently to some cardiovascular drugs
Asians usually require a much smaller dose
Sex: Women given equal dosages or equal weight-based dosages are thought to be exposed to higher
concentrations of medications compared to men
Agonists - Answers causes relief of pain, physiological effect that we want (blocks perception of pain)
-produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters, and
other substances
-may accelerate or slow normal cellular processes
Antagonists - Answers Drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites. prevents natural body
substances or other drugs from occupying the receptor sites and activating cell functions
Tolerance - Answers occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that
larger doses must be given to produce the same effects
what causes tolerance? - Answers activation of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, which
accelerates drug metabolism and excretion; they also are attributed to decreased sensitivity or numbers
or receptor sites
What are the major routes of med administration ? - Answers -oral, parenteral (injected), and topical
(applied to the skin)
Action of aspirin - Answers Inhibits prostaglandins, produces inflammatory effects needed for analgesia
and anti rheumatic effects, antipyretic
What does aspirin do at low doses? - Answers it blocks the synthesis of thromboxane and inhibits
platelet aggregation (used in patients with MI or previous MI to prevent another)
What is the use of aspirin? - Answers it is used to relieve mild pain, antipyretic agent in adults, used as
an anti-inflammatory agent in patients with osteoarthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
aspirin in patients with renal impairment - Answers nephrotoxic in high doses and protein binding of
aspirin is reduced in patients with renal failure, which means that blood levels of the active drug are
higher than they would be otherwise
adverse effects of aspirin - Answers Nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn, and epigastric discomfort; decreased
platelet aggregation results in GI blood loss and hemorrhage; petechiae and bruising may occur; it also
