EPPP Clinical Psychology 2025/2026 Graded A+
Comprehensive Study Guide!!
_______ studies are based on clinical trials while _______ studies are correlational or quasi-
experimental in nature. - Efficacy; Effectiveness
This is the theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and
interactions of its components; it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy. - General
Systems Theory
In general systems theory, _______ interact with the environment by receiving input and discharging
output, whereas _______ have no exchange with the environment and can lead a family to disorder
and disorganization. Families in therapy are usually the former. - Open systems.
closed systems
In general systems theory, this refers to the concept that every part of a system is interrelated, thus
all parts are affected by a change in the system. - Wholeness
This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of
individuals. - Non-summativity
In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the whole
family, regardless of where one enters the system. - Equifinality
A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life. This
is an example of _______ according to general systems theory. - Equipotentiality
From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to
old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system's management of negative and
positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists. - Homeostasis
In general systems theory _____ refers to the maintenance of a family's homeostasis by attempting
to correct deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad yells at loud son and son quiets down), while
_______ refers to the disruption of a family's homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations to
the status quo (e.g., wife gets job, and roles change for husband/children). - Negative feedback;
positive feedback
,Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been
applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it
focuses on 1 of what 4 areas of interpersonal functioning? - Grief, interpersonal role disputes, role
transitions, and interpersonal deficits
This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the
supervisor in ways like how the client is behaving toward the therapist. - Parallel process
What approach to family therapy focuses on the
role of communication and distinguishes between symmetrical and complimentary communication. -
Communication/Interaction
Family Therapy
From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, ____ involves conflicting
negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally
(e.g., father says "I love you" while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the
person receiving the message. - Double-bind communication
According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, _______ communication occurs between
equals but may escalate into a competition for control, whereas _______ communication occurs
between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or
employee-boss). - Symmetrical; Complimentary
What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication
implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to as command-level communication? -
Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)
Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is
actually due to spontaneous recovery? - Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of
untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and 44% in
psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms
Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or
no treatment at all? - Behaviour therapy
, While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it
typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship
between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what. - Negatively accelerated
An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental
health and public health is referred to as what? - Prevention
_______ preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population
in order to keep them from developing a disorder. - Primary
_______ preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment. - Secondary
_______ preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has
already occurred. - Tertiary
Based on the research, who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most
benefit from suicide hotlines? - Young white females
Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing _______, _______, _______, and _______ and consists of
a combination of _______, _______, _______, and _______. - Free associations; dreams; resistances;
transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through
Freud posited that when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic
means, it resorts to one of its _______. - Defense mechanisms
What 2 characteristics do all defense mechanisms share, according to Freud? - They (1) operate on
an unconscious level and (2) serve to distort reality
Name the following defense mechanisms: ______involves refusing to accept external reality because
it's too threatening; the gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs is called_______ ;
_______occurs when one attributes to others one's own unacceptable thoughts/emotions. - Denial;
distortion; projection
Name the following defense mechanisms: _______ refers to indirectly expressing aggression toward
others; _______ is the direct expression of an unconscious impulse without conscious
awareness;_______ is subconsciously viewing another person as more positive than they are. -
Passive aggression; acting out; idealization
Comprehensive Study Guide!!
_______ studies are based on clinical trials while _______ studies are correlational or quasi-
experimental in nature. - Efficacy; Effectiveness
This is the theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and
interactions of its components; it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy. - General
Systems Theory
In general systems theory, _______ interact with the environment by receiving input and discharging
output, whereas _______ have no exchange with the environment and can lead a family to disorder
and disorganization. Families in therapy are usually the former. - Open systems.
closed systems
In general systems theory, this refers to the concept that every part of a system is interrelated, thus
all parts are affected by a change in the system. - Wholeness
This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of
individuals. - Non-summativity
In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the whole
family, regardless of where one enters the system. - Equifinality
A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life. This
is an example of _______ according to general systems theory. - Equipotentiality
From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to
old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system's management of negative and
positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists. - Homeostasis
In general systems theory _____ refers to the maintenance of a family's homeostasis by attempting
to correct deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad yells at loud son and son quiets down), while
_______ refers to the disruption of a family's homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations to
the status quo (e.g., wife gets job, and roles change for husband/children). - Negative feedback;
positive feedback
,Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been
applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it
focuses on 1 of what 4 areas of interpersonal functioning? - Grief, interpersonal role disputes, role
transitions, and interpersonal deficits
This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the
supervisor in ways like how the client is behaving toward the therapist. - Parallel process
What approach to family therapy focuses on the
role of communication and distinguishes between symmetrical and complimentary communication. -
Communication/Interaction
Family Therapy
From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, ____ involves conflicting
negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally
(e.g., father says "I love you" while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the
person receiving the message. - Double-bind communication
According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, _______ communication occurs between
equals but may escalate into a competition for control, whereas _______ communication occurs
between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or
employee-boss). - Symmetrical; Complimentary
What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication
implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to as command-level communication? -
Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)
Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is
actually due to spontaneous recovery? - Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of
untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and 44% in
psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms
Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or
no treatment at all? - Behaviour therapy
, While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it
typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship
between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what. - Negatively accelerated
An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental
health and public health is referred to as what? - Prevention
_______ preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population
in order to keep them from developing a disorder. - Primary
_______ preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment. - Secondary
_______ preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has
already occurred. - Tertiary
Based on the research, who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most
benefit from suicide hotlines? - Young white females
Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing _______, _______, _______, and _______ and consists of
a combination of _______, _______, _______, and _______. - Free associations; dreams; resistances;
transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through
Freud posited that when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic
means, it resorts to one of its _______. - Defense mechanisms
What 2 characteristics do all defense mechanisms share, according to Freud? - They (1) operate on
an unconscious level and (2) serve to distort reality
Name the following defense mechanisms: ______involves refusing to accept external reality because
it's too threatening; the gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs is called_______ ;
_______occurs when one attributes to others one's own unacceptable thoughts/emotions. - Denial;
distortion; projection
Name the following defense mechanisms: _______ refers to indirectly expressing aggression toward
others; _______ is the direct expression of an unconscious impulse without conscious
awareness;_______ is subconsciously viewing another person as more positive than they are. -
Passive aggression; acting out; idealization
