BR 607 CHAMBERIAN FINAL EXAM WITH A
GUARANTEED PASS.
What is Mary symptoms she is experiencing - ANSWER Pursed lip when breathing,
SOBOE, slightly bluish/purple tinged lips, Dyspnoea, barrel shaped chest, increased
expiratory effort, use of accessory muscles
What is the main risk factors for developing COPD - ANSWER Smoking
List some of the possible risk factors Mary had, or may have had for COPD -
ANSWER Smoking, genetics, exposure to environmental air irritants
What is the genetic risk factors for COPD - ANSWER Alpha-1 anti-trypsin
How does smoking contribute to the development of COPD - ANSWER Long term
exposure to the irritants associated with smoking leads to an inflammatory reaction
within the respiratory tract. In the alveoli this causes a protease-antiprotease
imbalance and increased oxidants, both of which enhance tissue/protein breakdown,
thus leading to enlarged air spaces and decreased surface area gas exchange. In
the upper respiratory tract the inflammation leads to bronchila oedema, impaired cilia
and increased mucus production, thus narrowing the airways and increasing airway
resistance.
signs of COPD - ANSWER Chronic cough, pursing lips when breathing, SOBOE,
use of accessory muscles when breathing, laboured breathing, barrel chest, blue
tinged lips, finger clubbing
Outline the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis - ANSWER With
emphysema there is inflammatory destruction of alveoli & capillaries which causes a
decrease in the alveolar surface area available for gas exchange. The destruction of
alveolar tissue includes the breakdown of elastin which subsequently decreases
expiratory air flow leading to air trapping and a further reduction in the volume of
exchangeable air.
With chronic bronchitis, inflammation occurs in the bronchioles leading to bronchial
oedema, increased mucous production and decreased ciliary action. This increases
airway resistance therefore decreasing the volume of air flowing in/out of lungs for
gas exchange
Pathophysiology of COPD - ANSWER COPD results from the combined processes
of peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This leads to airflow
limitation and the destruction and loss of alveoli, terminal bronchioles and
surrounding capillaries vessels and tissues, which adds to airflow limitation and
leads to decrease gas exchange. Reduces airflow on exhalation leads to air
trapping, resulting in reduced inspiratory capacity, which may cause breathlessness
on exertion and reduced exercise capacity. Abnormalities in gas exchange occur due
to reduced airflow/ventilation and as a result loss of alveolar structure. Low blood
oxygen levels and raised carbon dioxide levels result from impaired gas exchange
and can worsen as the disease progresses.
Complications of COPD - ANSWER Respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis,
cyanosis, tissue wasting/emaciation, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale,
respiratory failure
, BR 607 CHAMBERIAN FINAL EXAM WITH A
GUARANTEED PASS.
Test and assessment for COPD - ANSWER Physical examination - includes
physical appearance, respiratory rate, chest movements, listening to chest sound,
and heart rate, laboratory test such as blood gases and PH and sputum sample,
investigations include chest x ray pulmonary function tests and ECG.
What is the purpose of arterial blood gas test - ANSWER Checks oxygenation
status and acid balance
purpose of pulse oximetry - ANSWER Estimates o2 content in arterial blood using
light
Purpose of peak expiratory flow (PEF) - ANSWER Measures how quickly you can
exhale
The purpose of body plethysmography - ANSWER Measures thoracic volume and
airway resistance
Purpose of forced expiratory volume (FEV) - ANSWER Tests how much air you can
exhale in 1 sec
Purpose of diffusing capacity - ANSWER Tests oxygen transfer from the alveoli to
circulation
Purpose of Sputum culture - ANSWER Used to diagnose bacterial lung infection
purpose of spirometry - ANSWER Measures airflow and the corresponding changes
in lunge volumes. It records inspiratory and expiratory lung volumes and how fast a
patient can inhale and exhale.
Management of COPD - ANSWER Typically involves various medications and
supportive care e.g. activity and nutritional guidance.
Common medication used to manage Mary COPD - ANSWER Salbutamol - this is a
short acting beta - agonist bronchodilator, seretide - this is a combined medication
that includes a long acting beta - agonist bronchodilator and corticosteroid, Spiriva -
this is an anticholinergic used for bronchodilator, oxygen - low level therapy as part
of her ongoing COPD management
Risk factory mike had for IM - ANSWER Smoking, family history/genetic, male sex
Risk factors for IM - ANSWER Older adult age, family history/genetic, male sex,
hypertension, obesity, smoking, diabetic, hyperlipidemia, physical inactivity
Signs and symptoms of MI - ANSWER Sweating, pallor/pale peripheries, chest pain
or discomfort, shortness of breath, pain/discomfort in shoulder, neck, arm, jaw,
anxiety like feeling, nausea/vomiting
Pathophysiology of MI - ANSWER MI occurs when there is an occlusion of blood
flow within a coronary artery. prolonged myocardial Ischemia leads to irreversible
GUARANTEED PASS.
What is Mary symptoms she is experiencing - ANSWER Pursed lip when breathing,
SOBOE, slightly bluish/purple tinged lips, Dyspnoea, barrel shaped chest, increased
expiratory effort, use of accessory muscles
What is the main risk factors for developing COPD - ANSWER Smoking
List some of the possible risk factors Mary had, or may have had for COPD -
ANSWER Smoking, genetics, exposure to environmental air irritants
What is the genetic risk factors for COPD - ANSWER Alpha-1 anti-trypsin
How does smoking contribute to the development of COPD - ANSWER Long term
exposure to the irritants associated with smoking leads to an inflammatory reaction
within the respiratory tract. In the alveoli this causes a protease-antiprotease
imbalance and increased oxidants, both of which enhance tissue/protein breakdown,
thus leading to enlarged air spaces and decreased surface area gas exchange. In
the upper respiratory tract the inflammation leads to bronchila oedema, impaired cilia
and increased mucus production, thus narrowing the airways and increasing airway
resistance.
signs of COPD - ANSWER Chronic cough, pursing lips when breathing, SOBOE,
use of accessory muscles when breathing, laboured breathing, barrel chest, blue
tinged lips, finger clubbing
Outline the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis - ANSWER With
emphysema there is inflammatory destruction of alveoli & capillaries which causes a
decrease in the alveolar surface area available for gas exchange. The destruction of
alveolar tissue includes the breakdown of elastin which subsequently decreases
expiratory air flow leading to air trapping and a further reduction in the volume of
exchangeable air.
With chronic bronchitis, inflammation occurs in the bronchioles leading to bronchial
oedema, increased mucous production and decreased ciliary action. This increases
airway resistance therefore decreasing the volume of air flowing in/out of lungs for
gas exchange
Pathophysiology of COPD - ANSWER COPD results from the combined processes
of peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This leads to airflow
limitation and the destruction and loss of alveoli, terminal bronchioles and
surrounding capillaries vessels and tissues, which adds to airflow limitation and
leads to decrease gas exchange. Reduces airflow on exhalation leads to air
trapping, resulting in reduced inspiratory capacity, which may cause breathlessness
on exertion and reduced exercise capacity. Abnormalities in gas exchange occur due
to reduced airflow/ventilation and as a result loss of alveolar structure. Low blood
oxygen levels and raised carbon dioxide levels result from impaired gas exchange
and can worsen as the disease progresses.
Complications of COPD - ANSWER Respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis,
cyanosis, tissue wasting/emaciation, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale,
respiratory failure
, BR 607 CHAMBERIAN FINAL EXAM WITH A
GUARANTEED PASS.
Test and assessment for COPD - ANSWER Physical examination - includes
physical appearance, respiratory rate, chest movements, listening to chest sound,
and heart rate, laboratory test such as blood gases and PH and sputum sample,
investigations include chest x ray pulmonary function tests and ECG.
What is the purpose of arterial blood gas test - ANSWER Checks oxygenation
status and acid balance
purpose of pulse oximetry - ANSWER Estimates o2 content in arterial blood using
light
Purpose of peak expiratory flow (PEF) - ANSWER Measures how quickly you can
exhale
The purpose of body plethysmography - ANSWER Measures thoracic volume and
airway resistance
Purpose of forced expiratory volume (FEV) - ANSWER Tests how much air you can
exhale in 1 sec
Purpose of diffusing capacity - ANSWER Tests oxygen transfer from the alveoli to
circulation
Purpose of Sputum culture - ANSWER Used to diagnose bacterial lung infection
purpose of spirometry - ANSWER Measures airflow and the corresponding changes
in lunge volumes. It records inspiratory and expiratory lung volumes and how fast a
patient can inhale and exhale.
Management of COPD - ANSWER Typically involves various medications and
supportive care e.g. activity and nutritional guidance.
Common medication used to manage Mary COPD - ANSWER Salbutamol - this is a
short acting beta - agonist bronchodilator, seretide - this is a combined medication
that includes a long acting beta - agonist bronchodilator and corticosteroid, Spiriva -
this is an anticholinergic used for bronchodilator, oxygen - low level therapy as part
of her ongoing COPD management
Risk factory mike had for IM - ANSWER Smoking, family history/genetic, male sex
Risk factors for IM - ANSWER Older adult age, family history/genetic, male sex,
hypertension, obesity, smoking, diabetic, hyperlipidemia, physical inactivity
Signs and symptoms of MI - ANSWER Sweating, pallor/pale peripheries, chest pain
or discomfort, shortness of breath, pain/discomfort in shoulder, neck, arm, jaw,
anxiety like feeling, nausea/vomiting
Pathophysiology of MI - ANSWER MI occurs when there is an occlusion of blood
flow within a coronary artery. prolonged myocardial Ischemia leads to irreversible
