Psyc 387 - Learning
____ was the first to demonstrate experimentally that animals benefit from model behavior -
ANS -Carl Warden
\______ was probably the first to experiment with vicarious learning. - ANS -Thorndike
\________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box. - ANS -Clark Hull
\________ is an excellent schedule for increasing the rate at which a behavior occurs. - ANS
-DRH
\"sudden insight" depends on - ANS -previous reinforcement of the behaviors required for the
solution.
\A chain schedule is most like a _________ schedule. - ANS -tandem schedule
\A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer.
After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will
salivate most in response to a buzzer that is - ANS -slightly softer than the CS+
\A key problem in using extinction to weaken a harmful or dangerous behavior is that - ANS -it is
slow.
\a method of measuring forgetting in which
the original training procedure is reinstated - ANS -re-learning method/savings method
\a method of measuring forgetting in which hints about the behavior to be performed are given -
ANS -prompted recall/cued recall
\a method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the
learned behavior - ANS -free recall
\A method of teaching that promotes retention of conceptual discrimination by giving abstract
material a concrete representation. - ANS -focal example method
\a neutral stimulus - ANS -does not elicit a particular conditioned or unconditioned response
\A pigeon is confronted with two disks: one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI
20″ schedule when it pecks the green disk and on a VI 10″ schedule when it pecks the red one.
You predict that the bird will peck - ANS -the red disk about twice as often as the green disk
\A problem is a situation in which reinforcement is available but - ANS -the behavior to produce
it is not.
\a procedure in which a stimulus is followed by a reinforcer regardless of what the organism
does - ANS -sign tracking (autoshaping)
\A procedure that gradually increases the number of responses required for reinforcement -
ANS -stretching the ratio
\A reduction in response rate following reinforcement on a fixed-ratio schedule is called a - ANS
-postreinforcement pause
\A relatively flat gradient indicates - ANS -little discrimination
\A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the _________
schedule. - ANS -FT
\A specific means of defining the goal of conceptual discrimination - ANS -concept analysis
\A steep gradient indicates - ANS -considerable discrimination
\A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting - ANS -behavior
,\A teacher has a student who gives up at the first sign of difficulty. How can the teacher increase
the child's persistence? - ANS -The teacher can put him on a CRF schedule. Once the behavior
is established the teacher stretches the ratio. Instead of a CRF the teacher moves to a FR 3 or
3. Once this is achieved, the teacher could once again switch schedules onto a variable ratio or
fixed interval schedule. In these cases, the child is still being reinforced to ensure excintion does
not occur, but his behaviour has been shaped so that less reinforcement is necessary.
\A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using
_______ as a measure of learning. - ANS -fluency
\A technique using flash cards in which you go through the cards as fast as you can, in one
minute, each day and then shuffle and repeat. - ANS -SAFMEDS
\A token system was used at a nursing home for geriatric patients. As one part of the token
economy, the patients received a special token if they told a joke to another patient. If they
accumulated 10 joke-telling tokens, they could exchange the tokens for several free videos. The
target behavior is telling one joke and the reinforcer is the token. This is a - ANS -fixed ratio (FR)
\A VR schedule usually produces more behavior than - ANS -a FR schedule
\ABA reversal design - ANS -a type of within-subject experiment in which behavior is observed
before and after an experimental manipulation.
\According to B. F. Skinner, we develop self-awareness largely through - ANS -the comments of
other people
\According to the author of the text, the history of memory has been a story of - ANS -metaphors
\According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by -
ANS -a reduction in the number of aversive events
\According to what hypothesis does extinction take longer after intermittent reinforcement
because it is harder to discriminate between extinction and an intermittent schedule than
between extinction and continuous reinforcement. - ANS -the discrimination hypothesis
\According to what hypothesis does non-reinforcement of previously reinforced behavior
become frustrating. - ANS -Abram Amsel's frustration hypothesis.
\Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly. -
ANS -pigeons
\All an animal trainer has to do to get novel behavior is to - ANS -reinforce the novel behavior.
\All reflexes contribute to survival - ANS -False
\Allison's boyfriend teased her a lot about her curly hair. Allison hated this and decided that
every time her boyfriend made remarks about her hair she would respond with a mean
comment about his school grades. As a result, Allison's boyfriend teased her more often about
her hair than he did before. - ANS -Yes, this is an example of positive reinforcement.
\Alstair was a 4-year-old who pounced on the other children at his day care center. This center
used tokens as reinforcers for appropriate behavior, and the children could accumulate and
trade the tokens for special privileges. Whenever Alstair pounced on another child, three of his
tokens were taken away from him. This procedure reduced the rate of Alstair's pouncing
behavior. - ANS -response cost.
\An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced. - ANS -S+
\An S+ is analogous to a _____ - ANS -CS+.
\anecdotal evidence - ANS -first or secondhand reports of personal experiences
\any class the members of which share one or more defining features - ANS -concept
, \Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a/an ________ variable. - ANS -independent
\Armadillos curl up into a ball when attacked. Reginald teaches an armadillo to curl up into a ball
when a buzzer sounds. Reginald is making use of the phenomenon known as - ANS
-preparedness.
\Attentional processes - ANS -an organism observing relevant aspects of model behavior and its
consequences
\Aversion Therapy - ANS -A form of counter conditioning where a CS is paired with an aversive
US
\aversion therapy - ANS -a form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive
US
\Aversives - ANS -things an organism strives to avoid
\B(A) represents - ANS -the particular behavior of study
\B(O) represents - ANS -all other behaviors
\backward chaining - ANS -training begins with the last link and adds preceding links in reverse
order
\backward conditioning - ANS -the CS follows the US
\Backward Training - ANS -A chaining procedure where training begins with the last link in the
chain and adds preceding links in reverse order
\Balster and colleagues suggest that inhumane treatment of research animals is - ANS -bad
science
\Bandura's experiment on violence and vicarious learning showed - ANS -Children were more
likely to commit aggressive acts if they watched a model be reinforced for doing so.
\Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - ANS -Vicarious learning is accounted for by four
processes that occur during or shortly after observation of a model (attentional/retentional/motor
reproductive/motivational)
\Bandura's theory looks for an explanation _______ the individual - ANS -inside
\Barbara was teaching young Tony to identify shirts as shirts and blouses as blouses by giving
him praise every time he correctly identified a piece of clothing. However, in spite of the training
sessions, Tony continued to identify both shirts and blouses as shirts. - ANS -This is an example
of excitatory stimulus generalization.
\baseline period - ANS -the inital time the participants behavior is observed
\behavior chain - ANS -a series of related behaviors, the last produces reinforcement
\Behavior is - ANS -anything an organism does that can be measured
\between-subject experiment - ANS -the researcher identifies two or more groups of participants
and the independent variable differs across these groups
\Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty,
evil, and corrupt. Later, Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by
rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. The hypothetical finding is called -
ANS -semantic generalization
\blocking - ANS -failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus
that includes an effective CS
\Blue jays acquire a taste aversion for - ANS -monarch butterflies
\Breland demonstrated that the ease with which learning occurs varies not only across time but
also - ANS -across situations
____ was the first to demonstrate experimentally that animals benefit from model behavior -
ANS -Carl Warden
\______ was probably the first to experiment with vicarious learning. - ANS -Thorndike
\________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box. - ANS -Clark Hull
\________ is an excellent schedule for increasing the rate at which a behavior occurs. - ANS
-DRH
\"sudden insight" depends on - ANS -previous reinforcement of the behaviors required for the
solution.
\A chain schedule is most like a _________ schedule. - ANS -tandem schedule
\A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer.
After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will
salivate most in response to a buzzer that is - ANS -slightly softer than the CS+
\A key problem in using extinction to weaken a harmful or dangerous behavior is that - ANS -it is
slow.
\a method of measuring forgetting in which
the original training procedure is reinstated - ANS -re-learning method/savings method
\a method of measuring forgetting in which hints about the behavior to be performed are given -
ANS -prompted recall/cued recall
\a method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the
learned behavior - ANS -free recall
\A method of teaching that promotes retention of conceptual discrimination by giving abstract
material a concrete representation. - ANS -focal example method
\a neutral stimulus - ANS -does not elicit a particular conditioned or unconditioned response
\A pigeon is confronted with two disks: one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI
20″ schedule when it pecks the green disk and on a VI 10″ schedule when it pecks the red one.
You predict that the bird will peck - ANS -the red disk about twice as often as the green disk
\A problem is a situation in which reinforcement is available but - ANS -the behavior to produce
it is not.
\a procedure in which a stimulus is followed by a reinforcer regardless of what the organism
does - ANS -sign tracking (autoshaping)
\A procedure that gradually increases the number of responses required for reinforcement -
ANS -stretching the ratio
\A reduction in response rate following reinforcement on a fixed-ratio schedule is called a - ANS
-postreinforcement pause
\A relatively flat gradient indicates - ANS -little discrimination
\A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the _________
schedule. - ANS -FT
\A specific means of defining the goal of conceptual discrimination - ANS -concept analysis
\A steep gradient indicates - ANS -considerable discrimination
\A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting - ANS -behavior
,\A teacher has a student who gives up at the first sign of difficulty. How can the teacher increase
the child's persistence? - ANS -The teacher can put him on a CRF schedule. Once the behavior
is established the teacher stretches the ratio. Instead of a CRF the teacher moves to a FR 3 or
3. Once this is achieved, the teacher could once again switch schedules onto a variable ratio or
fixed interval schedule. In these cases, the child is still being reinforced to ensure excintion does
not occur, but his behaviour has been shaped so that less reinforcement is necessary.
\A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using
_______ as a measure of learning. - ANS -fluency
\A technique using flash cards in which you go through the cards as fast as you can, in one
minute, each day and then shuffle and repeat. - ANS -SAFMEDS
\A token system was used at a nursing home for geriatric patients. As one part of the token
economy, the patients received a special token if they told a joke to another patient. If they
accumulated 10 joke-telling tokens, they could exchange the tokens for several free videos. The
target behavior is telling one joke and the reinforcer is the token. This is a - ANS -fixed ratio (FR)
\A VR schedule usually produces more behavior than - ANS -a FR schedule
\ABA reversal design - ANS -a type of within-subject experiment in which behavior is observed
before and after an experimental manipulation.
\According to B. F. Skinner, we develop self-awareness largely through - ANS -the comments of
other people
\According to the author of the text, the history of memory has been a story of - ANS -metaphors
\According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by -
ANS -a reduction in the number of aversive events
\According to what hypothesis does extinction take longer after intermittent reinforcement
because it is harder to discriminate between extinction and an intermittent schedule than
between extinction and continuous reinforcement. - ANS -the discrimination hypothesis
\According to what hypothesis does non-reinforcement of previously reinforced behavior
become frustrating. - ANS -Abram Amsel's frustration hypothesis.
\Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly. -
ANS -pigeons
\All an animal trainer has to do to get novel behavior is to - ANS -reinforce the novel behavior.
\All reflexes contribute to survival - ANS -False
\Allison's boyfriend teased her a lot about her curly hair. Allison hated this and decided that
every time her boyfriend made remarks about her hair she would respond with a mean
comment about his school grades. As a result, Allison's boyfriend teased her more often about
her hair than he did before. - ANS -Yes, this is an example of positive reinforcement.
\Alstair was a 4-year-old who pounced on the other children at his day care center. This center
used tokens as reinforcers for appropriate behavior, and the children could accumulate and
trade the tokens for special privileges. Whenever Alstair pounced on another child, three of his
tokens were taken away from him. This procedure reduced the rate of Alstair's pouncing
behavior. - ANS -response cost.
\An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced. - ANS -S+
\An S+ is analogous to a _____ - ANS -CS+.
\anecdotal evidence - ANS -first or secondhand reports of personal experiences
\any class the members of which share one or more defining features - ANS -concept
, \Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a/an ________ variable. - ANS -independent
\Armadillos curl up into a ball when attacked. Reginald teaches an armadillo to curl up into a ball
when a buzzer sounds. Reginald is making use of the phenomenon known as - ANS
-preparedness.
\Attentional processes - ANS -an organism observing relevant aspects of model behavior and its
consequences
\Aversion Therapy - ANS -A form of counter conditioning where a CS is paired with an aversive
US
\aversion therapy - ANS -a form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive
US
\Aversives - ANS -things an organism strives to avoid
\B(A) represents - ANS -the particular behavior of study
\B(O) represents - ANS -all other behaviors
\backward chaining - ANS -training begins with the last link and adds preceding links in reverse
order
\backward conditioning - ANS -the CS follows the US
\Backward Training - ANS -A chaining procedure where training begins with the last link in the
chain and adds preceding links in reverse order
\Balster and colleagues suggest that inhumane treatment of research animals is - ANS -bad
science
\Bandura's experiment on violence and vicarious learning showed - ANS -Children were more
likely to commit aggressive acts if they watched a model be reinforced for doing so.
\Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - ANS -Vicarious learning is accounted for by four
processes that occur during or shortly after observation of a model (attentional/retentional/motor
reproductive/motivational)
\Bandura's theory looks for an explanation _______ the individual - ANS -inside
\Barbara was teaching young Tony to identify shirts as shirts and blouses as blouses by giving
him praise every time he correctly identified a piece of clothing. However, in spite of the training
sessions, Tony continued to identify both shirts and blouses as shirts. - ANS -This is an example
of excitatory stimulus generalization.
\baseline period - ANS -the inital time the participants behavior is observed
\behavior chain - ANS -a series of related behaviors, the last produces reinforcement
\Behavior is - ANS -anything an organism does that can be measured
\between-subject experiment - ANS -the researcher identifies two or more groups of participants
and the independent variable differs across these groups
\Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty,
evil, and corrupt. Later, Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by
rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. The hypothetical finding is called -
ANS -semantic generalization
\blocking - ANS -failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus
that includes an effective CS
\Blue jays acquire a taste aversion for - ANS -monarch butterflies
\Breland demonstrated that the ease with which learning occurs varies not only across time but
also - ANS -across situations
