ANTHRCUL 101 Final Exam Verified Questions With
Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026
Village membership based on descent groups
Informal enforcement Village head leads by example and
persuasion
Big Man - The Tribal "Big man" in Melanesian Islands. A regional
level regulator.
"Big Man" is a generous tribal entrepreneur with multivillage
support. Supports are in several villages and regulator of regional
political organizations. This is an achieved status
Chiefdoms - Kinship continues a central role (unlike States) Social
status based on seniority of descent
Permanent regulation of a territory
May regulate 1000's of people
You are ranked relative to the chief (closeness)
Often (but not always) linked to the emergence of larger scale
Agricultural ways of making a living
A lot of family drama
Unequal allocation of power, prestige, wealth
The concept of the Office - The concept of office: Permanent
position, refilled upon vacancy
,Basis of more complex bureaucracies
Increased Stratification - the creation of separate social strata.
Emergence of
stratification signified the transition from chiefdom to state
State - Based on formal gov and socioeconomic stratification
Population Control
Public health
Social work
Judiciary
Enforcement
Fiscal Systems (taxation)
pastoralism (nomadism and transhumance) - describes an
adaptive strategy based on care of herds and domesticated
animals.
Focus on domesticated animals as food
Movement oriented
- Nomadism (whole group moves)
- Transhumance (one part of the group is sedentary, and another
migrates seasonally)
Foraging - relies on natural resources for subsistence, rather than
controlling plant and animal reproduction.
Horiculture - is the term for an often part time, nonindustrial
adaptive strategy in which plots of land lie fallow for varying
stretches of time, shifting plots, non-continuous use of land.
, What are "correlates"? What are the "correlates" of foraging, for
example (see Kottak 301-302 and lecture slides). - An
association; when one variable changes, another does, too
Correlates to foraging include:
Band societies (100 or fewer people)
Nuclear family structures (parents + their children)
Egalitarian (equal) relations between people, though gender-
based differences.
agriculture - • Intensive/ Continuous Use of Land• Animals as
means of production• Irrigation/ Terracing• Labor Intensive
Basic understanding of how conflict resolution differs in different
sociopolitical forms (see Kottak esp., but slides as well) How to
the different societies (band, tribe, chiefdom, state) disbute -
Bands: resolved Among themselves
Tribes: leader mediates
Chiefdoms: have more formalized system
State: law with enforcement on them
Inuit example (band) conflict resolution: arctic foragers, wife
stealing is serious, jilt man could kill the other or they could make
up mean song about each other in the middle of town. have an
audience to declare a winner
Ascribed status - social status based on limited choice
Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026
Village membership based on descent groups
Informal enforcement Village head leads by example and
persuasion
Big Man - The Tribal "Big man" in Melanesian Islands. A regional
level regulator.
"Big Man" is a generous tribal entrepreneur with multivillage
support. Supports are in several villages and regulator of regional
political organizations. This is an achieved status
Chiefdoms - Kinship continues a central role (unlike States) Social
status based on seniority of descent
Permanent regulation of a territory
May regulate 1000's of people
You are ranked relative to the chief (closeness)
Often (but not always) linked to the emergence of larger scale
Agricultural ways of making a living
A lot of family drama
Unequal allocation of power, prestige, wealth
The concept of the Office - The concept of office: Permanent
position, refilled upon vacancy
,Basis of more complex bureaucracies
Increased Stratification - the creation of separate social strata.
Emergence of
stratification signified the transition from chiefdom to state
State - Based on formal gov and socioeconomic stratification
Population Control
Public health
Social work
Judiciary
Enforcement
Fiscal Systems (taxation)
pastoralism (nomadism and transhumance) - describes an
adaptive strategy based on care of herds and domesticated
animals.
Focus on domesticated animals as food
Movement oriented
- Nomadism (whole group moves)
- Transhumance (one part of the group is sedentary, and another
migrates seasonally)
Foraging - relies on natural resources for subsistence, rather than
controlling plant and animal reproduction.
Horiculture - is the term for an often part time, nonindustrial
adaptive strategy in which plots of land lie fallow for varying
stretches of time, shifting plots, non-continuous use of land.
, What are "correlates"? What are the "correlates" of foraging, for
example (see Kottak 301-302 and lecture slides). - An
association; when one variable changes, another does, too
Correlates to foraging include:
Band societies (100 or fewer people)
Nuclear family structures (parents + their children)
Egalitarian (equal) relations between people, though gender-
based differences.
agriculture - • Intensive/ Continuous Use of Land• Animals as
means of production• Irrigation/ Terracing• Labor Intensive
Basic understanding of how conflict resolution differs in different
sociopolitical forms (see Kottak esp., but slides as well) How to
the different societies (band, tribe, chiefdom, state) disbute -
Bands: resolved Among themselves
Tribes: leader mediates
Chiefdoms: have more formalized system
State: law with enforcement on them
Inuit example (band) conflict resolution: arctic foragers, wife
stealing is serious, jilt man could kill the other or they could make
up mean song about each other in the middle of town. have an
audience to declare a winner
Ascribed status - social status based on limited choice
