CVP Exam 1 2025/2026 – The Most Comprehensive Guide
for Exam Excellence! (Graded A+)
Hypoxia - lack of oxygen
Hypercapnia - CO2 retention
Uremia - Excess nitrogenous wastes in blood
What organ has a survival time of <3 minutes in a state of hypoxia - Brain
What happens if blood supply doesn't meet demand - Hypoxia, hypercapnia, uremia
Uremia signs & symptoms - Progressive weakness/fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle atrophy, abnormal
mental functions, frequent shallow respiration due to metabolic acidosis
Mild hypercapnia symptoms - Dizziness, fatigue, disorientation, drowsiness, shortness of breath
Severe hypercapnia symptoms - Confusion, coma, arrhythmia, seizures
The two circuits of the heart are in ______ with one another - Series
T/F: Dysfunction in one part affects all other parts in the series - True
Any organ that changes the composition of the blood for the benefit of the rest of the body - blood
conditioner organs
Blood conditioner organ examples - Lungs, kidneys, GI tract, skin
Non-blood conditioning organs - brain, muscle, heart
Non-blood conditioning organs - Loss of blood flow to these organs has more dramatic effects
, Circulation to the organs in the systemic circuit are in - parallel
T/F: in parallel circulation blood supply to one organ can be independent of the other organs - True
An exception to the parallel circuits of the systemic circulation is the - Hepatic portal vein
Normal cardiac output (blood flow through the heart) - 5 L/min
What are the determinants of cardiac output - stroke volume and heart rate
Amount of blood ejected in one beat - stroke volume
Formula for cardiac output (CO) - heart rate x stroke volume
Blood flow (Q) formula - change in pressure/resistance
How many nuclei is in a cardiac muscle cell? Are they branched, striated, and are intercalated disc
present? - 1 and yes
Intercalated discs in cardiac myocytes are actually ___ _______ connecting adjacent cells - Gap
junctions
Action potentials travel through cardiac muscle forming a ______ _______ (cells interconnected and
working together) - Functional Syncytium
What separates the atrial syncytium from the ventricular synctium - Fibrous septum
T/F: the fibrous septum surrounds the opening of valves in the heart and does not propagate APs -
True
Part of the heart conduction system that crosses the fibrous septum - Bundle of HIS
for Exam Excellence! (Graded A+)
Hypoxia - lack of oxygen
Hypercapnia - CO2 retention
Uremia - Excess nitrogenous wastes in blood
What organ has a survival time of <3 minutes in a state of hypoxia - Brain
What happens if blood supply doesn't meet demand - Hypoxia, hypercapnia, uremia
Uremia signs & symptoms - Progressive weakness/fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle atrophy, abnormal
mental functions, frequent shallow respiration due to metabolic acidosis
Mild hypercapnia symptoms - Dizziness, fatigue, disorientation, drowsiness, shortness of breath
Severe hypercapnia symptoms - Confusion, coma, arrhythmia, seizures
The two circuits of the heart are in ______ with one another - Series
T/F: Dysfunction in one part affects all other parts in the series - True
Any organ that changes the composition of the blood for the benefit of the rest of the body - blood
conditioner organs
Blood conditioner organ examples - Lungs, kidneys, GI tract, skin
Non-blood conditioning organs - brain, muscle, heart
Non-blood conditioning organs - Loss of blood flow to these organs has more dramatic effects
, Circulation to the organs in the systemic circuit are in - parallel
T/F: in parallel circulation blood supply to one organ can be independent of the other organs - True
An exception to the parallel circuits of the systemic circulation is the - Hepatic portal vein
Normal cardiac output (blood flow through the heart) - 5 L/min
What are the determinants of cardiac output - stroke volume and heart rate
Amount of blood ejected in one beat - stroke volume
Formula for cardiac output (CO) - heart rate x stroke volume
Blood flow (Q) formula - change in pressure/resistance
How many nuclei is in a cardiac muscle cell? Are they branched, striated, and are intercalated disc
present? - 1 and yes
Intercalated discs in cardiac myocytes are actually ___ _______ connecting adjacent cells - Gap
junctions
Action potentials travel through cardiac muscle forming a ______ _______ (cells interconnected and
working together) - Functional Syncytium
What separates the atrial syncytium from the ventricular synctium - Fibrous septum
T/F: the fibrous septum surrounds the opening of valves in the heart and does not propagate APs -
True
Part of the heart conduction system that crosses the fibrous septum - Bundle of HIS
