HLTH 335 Final (EM) || All Questions Answered Correctly.
What course purpose? correct answers Provide a basic overview of the prominent models and
theories that are used in public health to predict and understand human behavior. (we focus on
health-related behaviors)
What are the major determinants of health? correct answers (memorize these 10/ can you
recognize what is not on the list?)
1-Social Gradient: life expectancy is shorter further down the ladder
2-Stress: circumstances leading people to feel worried and anxious lead to premature death
3-Early Life: supporting mothers, good nutrition and education
4-Social Exclusion: racism, unemployment and discrimination are vicious cycles putting people
at a disadvantage
5-Work: stress in workplace or lack of control
6-Unemployment (need job security for their health)
7-Social Support
8-Addiction
9-Food
10-Transportation
What is the matching law? correct answers This law basically says that the punishment or reward
needs to match the behavior. (For example, a pat on the back may not be enough for a worker
who just opened a huge partnership deal, a bonus may match better to reinforce the behavior).
Methodology of how to properly select a theory correct answers 1. Develop a problem statement
(we want to target obesity in America)
2. Identify target behavior (being more specific by saying too many American adults eat too
large of food portions)
3. Conduct a functional assessment (do a survey or literature review surrounding the behavior)
4. Select a theory or model (something that aligns most closely with the functions of the
behavior)
5. Develop a theory based intervention (make sure that it is both feasible and follows the theory)
What is vicarious learning? correct answers Vicarious experience is learning that occurs from
observing other people's behavior.
The observation of the successes and failures of other (models) who are similar to one's self,
which in turn increases or decreases your own likelihood to accomplish a task
"If they can do it, so can I"
Where did vicarious learning originate? correct answers Originated with Albert Bandura (Bobo
dolls)
What did basic research of children and BOBO dolls teach Albert Bandura? correct answers -
Kids that saw their peers behave aggressively toward the Bobo doll—that is, hitting it in the face,
or kicking it, or screaming and yelling at it—are more likely to be aggressive.
, -kids that saw the model be reinforced were then again more likely to be aggressive.
Major constructs of TRA/TPB (draw it out) correct answers -Behavioral Beliefs: believing that
behavioral performance is associated with certain attributes
-Outcome evaluations: the value the individual puts on the outcome
-Subjective Norms: a person's belief that most people think they should do
-Normative Beliefs: will important people in my life approve or disapprove
-Motivation to comply: any motivation to adhere to what others think you should do
-Perceived Behavioral Control: how much a person feels they are in control of enacting the
behavior
-Control Beliefs: ability to overcome environmental barriers
-Perceived power: perception about how easy or hard it is to perform the behavior in the situation
Major constructs of HBM correct answers Constructs:
*Perceived susceptibility- individuals belief of how susceptible they are to disease
*Perceived Severity- belief about how serious/extend of harm the disease or action is
*Perceived Benefits- advantages in the action (ex. advantage of mammograms being able to
detect cancer early on)
*Perceived Barriers- belief about the different types of costs such as money, painful or
inconvenience.
*Modifying Variables- personal factors that affect if behavior is adopted
*Cues to Action- internal or external cues that help people feel the need to act
*Self- Efficacy- confidence individual has in ability to pursue behavior
Major constructs of TTM correct answers STAGES of Change:
-Pre-contemplation stage: an individual is not considering in the foreseeable future (next 6
months). Individuals in this stage could be informed of the consequences of behavior or not
-Contemplation Stage: Someone is considering change within the next 1-6 months. They have
considered the pros and cons
-Preparation Stage: they plan to change within the next month and have already taken significant
steps to prepare
-Action Stage: the individual has made changes in the last 6 months and actions are clearly
observed
-Maintenance Stage: maintained change for anywhere from 6 months to 5 years
PROCESS:
-Consciousness Raising
-Dramatic Relief
-Self-reevaluation
-Environmental Reevaluation
-Counterconditioning
-Contingency/reinforcement management
-Stimulus Control
What are the various levels of ecological model? (be able to give examples) correct answers
Intrapersonal/Individual Level: knowledge, attitude, behavior, self-efficacy and skills.
What course purpose? correct answers Provide a basic overview of the prominent models and
theories that are used in public health to predict and understand human behavior. (we focus on
health-related behaviors)
What are the major determinants of health? correct answers (memorize these 10/ can you
recognize what is not on the list?)
1-Social Gradient: life expectancy is shorter further down the ladder
2-Stress: circumstances leading people to feel worried and anxious lead to premature death
3-Early Life: supporting mothers, good nutrition and education
4-Social Exclusion: racism, unemployment and discrimination are vicious cycles putting people
at a disadvantage
5-Work: stress in workplace or lack of control
6-Unemployment (need job security for their health)
7-Social Support
8-Addiction
9-Food
10-Transportation
What is the matching law? correct answers This law basically says that the punishment or reward
needs to match the behavior. (For example, a pat on the back may not be enough for a worker
who just opened a huge partnership deal, a bonus may match better to reinforce the behavior).
Methodology of how to properly select a theory correct answers 1. Develop a problem statement
(we want to target obesity in America)
2. Identify target behavior (being more specific by saying too many American adults eat too
large of food portions)
3. Conduct a functional assessment (do a survey or literature review surrounding the behavior)
4. Select a theory or model (something that aligns most closely with the functions of the
behavior)
5. Develop a theory based intervention (make sure that it is both feasible and follows the theory)
What is vicarious learning? correct answers Vicarious experience is learning that occurs from
observing other people's behavior.
The observation of the successes and failures of other (models) who are similar to one's self,
which in turn increases or decreases your own likelihood to accomplish a task
"If they can do it, so can I"
Where did vicarious learning originate? correct answers Originated with Albert Bandura (Bobo
dolls)
What did basic research of children and BOBO dolls teach Albert Bandura? correct answers -
Kids that saw their peers behave aggressively toward the Bobo doll—that is, hitting it in the face,
or kicking it, or screaming and yelling at it—are more likely to be aggressive.
, -kids that saw the model be reinforced were then again more likely to be aggressive.
Major constructs of TRA/TPB (draw it out) correct answers -Behavioral Beliefs: believing that
behavioral performance is associated with certain attributes
-Outcome evaluations: the value the individual puts on the outcome
-Subjective Norms: a person's belief that most people think they should do
-Normative Beliefs: will important people in my life approve or disapprove
-Motivation to comply: any motivation to adhere to what others think you should do
-Perceived Behavioral Control: how much a person feels they are in control of enacting the
behavior
-Control Beliefs: ability to overcome environmental barriers
-Perceived power: perception about how easy or hard it is to perform the behavior in the situation
Major constructs of HBM correct answers Constructs:
*Perceived susceptibility- individuals belief of how susceptible they are to disease
*Perceived Severity- belief about how serious/extend of harm the disease or action is
*Perceived Benefits- advantages in the action (ex. advantage of mammograms being able to
detect cancer early on)
*Perceived Barriers- belief about the different types of costs such as money, painful or
inconvenience.
*Modifying Variables- personal factors that affect if behavior is adopted
*Cues to Action- internal or external cues that help people feel the need to act
*Self- Efficacy- confidence individual has in ability to pursue behavior
Major constructs of TTM correct answers STAGES of Change:
-Pre-contemplation stage: an individual is not considering in the foreseeable future (next 6
months). Individuals in this stage could be informed of the consequences of behavior or not
-Contemplation Stage: Someone is considering change within the next 1-6 months. They have
considered the pros and cons
-Preparation Stage: they plan to change within the next month and have already taken significant
steps to prepare
-Action Stage: the individual has made changes in the last 6 months and actions are clearly
observed
-Maintenance Stage: maintained change for anywhere from 6 months to 5 years
PROCESS:
-Consciousness Raising
-Dramatic Relief
-Self-reevaluation
-Environmental Reevaluation
-Counterconditioning
-Contingency/reinforcement management
-Stimulus Control
What are the various levels of ecological model? (be able to give examples) correct answers
Intrapersonal/Individual Level: knowledge, attitude, behavior, self-efficacy and skills.
