BIO 322 Prep Exam – 2025/2026 Fully Updated Study
Guide!
(Graded A+)
mitosis - cell division producing genetically identical daughter cells
- start and end as diploid cells
meiosis - cell division producing 4 genetically unique gametes
- begin as diploid, end as haploid
interphase - - G1: active gene expression, prep for DNA synthesis
- S: DNA doubles, sister chromatids for each chromosome
- G2: cells prepare for division
stages of mitosis - - prophase: chromosome condensation, attach to tubules
- metaphase: chromosomes align at center
- anaphase: tubules pull sister chromatids apart
- telophase: cells split to two daughter cells
what is the number of nuclear DNA molecules in metaphase of mitosis? - 46
chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids = 92 total chromatids
what is the number of nuclear DNA in telophase/cytokinesis of mitosis? - 46
chromosomes, each with 1 sister chromatid = 46 total chromatids
stages of meiosis I - - prophase I: homologs form tetrads and share DNA
(recombination) at chiasmata
, - metaphase I: homologs align at center
- anaphase I: homologs separate
- telophase I/cytokinesis: cells split into 2 daughter cells
stages of meiosis II - - prophase II: breakdown of nuclear envelope of 2 cells,
chromosome condensation
- metaphase II: sister chromatids align at center
- anaphase II: sister chromatids separate
- telophase II/cytokinesis: both cells split in 2; 4 unique daughter cells
what is the number of nuclear DNA in metaphase I in meiosis? - 46
chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids each = 92 total chromatids
what is the number of nuclear DNA in telophase I in meiosis? - 23
chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids each = 46 total chromatids
- 1/2 amount of DNA present after S phase
what is the number of nuclear DNA in telophase II in meiosis? - 23
chromosomes with 1 sister chromatid each = 23 total chromatids
- 1/4 amount of DNA after S phase
features of x-linked recessive inheritance - 1) more males affected than females
2) if aY mates with AA, all progeny will have dominant phenotype (all females
Aa, all males AY)
3) if aY mates with Aa, dom:rec ratio will be 1:1
4) mating of aa with AY will yield aY and Aa
Guide!
(Graded A+)
mitosis - cell division producing genetically identical daughter cells
- start and end as diploid cells
meiosis - cell division producing 4 genetically unique gametes
- begin as diploid, end as haploid
interphase - - G1: active gene expression, prep for DNA synthesis
- S: DNA doubles, sister chromatids for each chromosome
- G2: cells prepare for division
stages of mitosis - - prophase: chromosome condensation, attach to tubules
- metaphase: chromosomes align at center
- anaphase: tubules pull sister chromatids apart
- telophase: cells split to two daughter cells
what is the number of nuclear DNA molecules in metaphase of mitosis? - 46
chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids = 92 total chromatids
what is the number of nuclear DNA in telophase/cytokinesis of mitosis? - 46
chromosomes, each with 1 sister chromatid = 46 total chromatids
stages of meiosis I - - prophase I: homologs form tetrads and share DNA
(recombination) at chiasmata
, - metaphase I: homologs align at center
- anaphase I: homologs separate
- telophase I/cytokinesis: cells split into 2 daughter cells
stages of meiosis II - - prophase II: breakdown of nuclear envelope of 2 cells,
chromosome condensation
- metaphase II: sister chromatids align at center
- anaphase II: sister chromatids separate
- telophase II/cytokinesis: both cells split in 2; 4 unique daughter cells
what is the number of nuclear DNA in metaphase I in meiosis? - 46
chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids each = 92 total chromatids
what is the number of nuclear DNA in telophase I in meiosis? - 23
chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids each = 46 total chromatids
- 1/2 amount of DNA present after S phase
what is the number of nuclear DNA in telophase II in meiosis? - 23
chromosomes with 1 sister chromatid each = 23 total chromatids
- 1/4 amount of DNA after S phase
features of x-linked recessive inheritance - 1) more males affected than females
2) if aY mates with AA, all progeny will have dominant phenotype (all females
Aa, all males AY)
3) if aY mates with Aa, dom:rec ratio will be 1:1
4) mating of aa with AY will yield aY and Aa
