2024_AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 3 Issues and Options in Psychology (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) Monday 3 June 2024

2024_AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 3 Issues and Options in Psychology (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) Monday 3 June 2024 A-level PSYCHOLOGY Paper 3 Issues and options in psychology Monday 3 June 2024 Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page Answer Book. You may use a calculator. Instructions  Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Afternoon Time allowed: 2 hours  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7182/3.  In Section A, you should answer all questions.  In Section B, choose one topic. Answer all questions on the topic you choose.  In Section C, choose one topic. Answer all questions on the topic you choose.  In Section D, choose one topic. Answer all questions on the topic you choose.  Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 96.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. A-level Psychology: Paper 3 Issues and Options in Psychology: Exam Preview Sections This paper explores contemporary issues and debates in psychology, as well as specialized topics or options that students choose to focus on. It requires you to apply your knowledge of psychology to complex real world issues and to critically assess psychological concepts, theories, and research in specific areas. Key Areas Covered: 1. Issues and Debates in Psychology: o The Nature-Nurture Debate: The extent to which behavior is influenced by genetic factors (nature) or environmental factors (nurture). You’ll need to understand key studies and the arguments on both sides. o Free Will vs. Determinism: The debate over whether human behavior is determined by external or internal factors (e.g., biological or environmental influences) or whether people have the ability to choose their actions freely. o Holism vs. Reductionism: Whether psychological phenomena are best understood by looking at the whole system (holistic) or by breaking them down into their components (reductionistic). This debate is especially relevant in biological psychology versus cognitive psychology. o Ethical Issues in Psychology: Discuss ethical dilemmas faced by psychologists, including issues like informed consent, deception, and the use of vulnerable participants. Consider how ethical guidelines are applied to research. o Cultural Bias: The ways in which psychological theories and studies may reflect the cultural biases of the researchers and how this affects the generalizability of findings. o Gender Bias: Consider how psychological theories may be biased toward a particular gender and the impact this has on psychological research and understanding. 2. Options in Psychology: Students typically choose from a range of specialized topics in psychology. The areas of focus for Paper 3 include: o Option 1: Relationships:  Theories of Relationship Formation: How relationships develop, including explanations like the social exchange theory and the equity theory.  Sexual Selection and Evolutionary Psychology: How evolution has shaped behaviors related to attraction, mate choice, and relationships.  Factors Affecting Attraction: The role of physical attractiveness, similarity, and familiarity in romantic attraction.  Breakdown of Relationships: Theories explaining why relationships end, such as Duck’s phase model of relationship breakdown. o Option 2: Stress:  The Physiological and Psychological Effects of Stress: How stress affects the body (e.g., HPA axis, fight or flight) and psychological health (e.g., anxiety, depression).  Coping Mechanisms: Types of coping strategies, including problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, and the role of social support.  Stress Management Techniques: The effectiveness of different stress management techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and relaxation techniques. 3. Evaluation and Application: o Critically Evaluate Psychological Research: Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of key research studies and theories within your chosen options, considering methodological issues (e.g., validity, reliability, ethical concerns) and real-world applications. o Link Theory to Practice: Understand how theories in your chosen option can be applied in real-life contexts, such as therapy for mental health disorders, managing stress in the workplace, or improving relationship counseling. 7182/3 IB/G/Jun24/G4004/E12 2 Section A Issues and debates in psychology Answer all questions in this section. Read the examples in Table 1 then answer Questions 01 and 02. Table 1 Angie is a psychologist who believes that phobias are affected by unconscious forces. Bibi is a psychologist who believes that phobias are best treated holistically. Carlo is a psychologist who believes that phobias are influenced by both nature and nurture. Dalia is a psychologist who believes that phobias can be explained in terms of conditioning theory. Emma is a psychologist who believes that phobias can be reduced to the levels of cells and chemicals. Which psychologist believes in interactionism? Write the correct name in your answer book. [1 mark] 0 2 Which psychologist believes in environmental reductionism? Write the correct name in your answer book. [1 mark] 0 3 What is meant by ethnocentrism in psychology? [2 marks] 0 4 Outline two limitations of ethnocentrism. [4 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 0 1 3 0 5 Maria is a successful gymnast. Her mother was also an athlete and encouraged Maria throughout her childhood, taking her to practice sessions before school from the age of 5 years. Maria is being interviewed about her success as a gymnast. In the interview she says, ‘I don’t know if I am like my mum or not. Wherever it came from, I always had a strong motivation to succeed. Maybe I didn’t really have much choice. I was destined to be a gymnast.’ Discuss determinism in psychology. Refer to Maria in your answer. [16 marks] Turn over for Section B Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 4 Section B Relationships or Gender or Cognition and development Choose one topic from Section B. Answer all questions on the topic you choose. Topic: Relationships 0 6 A psychologist studied the effects of using different social media platforms. There were 60 participants. The psychologist assigned the first 30 people on the alphabetical list of participants to Group 1 and assigned the remaining 30 people to Group 2. The psychologist asked participants in Group 1 to use a new social media platform over the course of a month. This platform promotes greater self-disclosure. The psychologist asked participants in Group 2, the control group, to use a different new social media platform over the course of a month. This platform does not promote self-disclosure. One way of improving this study would be to use random allocation. Explain how random allocation could have been carried out. 0 7 [3 marks] At the end of the month, the psychologist calculated the median number of ‘social media friends’ for participants in each group. The results are shown in the following table. Table 2 Median number of ‘social media friends’ for Group 1 and Group 2 Group 1 (platform promoting greater self-disclosure) Group 2 (platform not promoting self-disclosure) Median number of ‘social media friends’ 71 42 What conclusion could the psychologist make from the results in Table 2? Justify your answer. [2 marks] 0 8 After conducting the study, the psychologist wrote up a psychological report. Which section of the psychological report should include information about how the participants were allocated to the two groups? [1 mark] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 5 0 9 Suggest two examples of self-disclosure that might have occurred in the social media communications of the participants in the study. [2 marks] 1 0 Discuss the matching hypothesis. [8 marks] 1 1 Outline and evaluate the role of sexual selection in human reproductive behaviour. [8 marks] Turn over for the next topic Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 6 Topic: Gender 1 2 A psychologist studied the effects of sex-role stereotyping in the media. There were 60 participants. The psychologist assigned the first 30 people on the alphabetical list of participants to Group 1 and assigned the remaining 30 people to Group 2. The psychologist asked participants in Group 1 to watch a list of sex-role stereotyped TV programmes over the course of a month. The psychologist asked participants in Group 2, the control group, to watch a list of TV programmes which did not show sex-role stereotyping over the course of a month. One way of improving this study would be to use random allocation. Explain how random allocation could have been carried out. 1 3 [3 marks] To analyse the results, the psychologist calculated the median sex-role stereotyping score in a questionnaire for participants in each group at the end of the month. A high score in the questionnaire means a participant shows higher sex-role stereotyped attitudes. The results are shown in the following table. Table 3 Median sex-role stereotyping score in a questionnaire for Group 1 and Group 2 Group 1 (sex-role stereotyped TV programmes) Group 2 (non sex-role stereotyped TV programmes) Median sex-role stereotyping score in the questionnaire (out of 100) 71 42 What conclusion could the psychologist make from the results in Table 3? Justify your answer. 1 4 After conducting the study, the psychologist wrote up a psychological report. [2 marks] Which section of the psychological report should include information about how the participants were allocated to the two groups? [1 mark] 1 5 Suggest two examples of sex-role stereotyped behaviour that might have occurred in the TV programmes watched by Group 1. [2 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 7 1 6 Discuss the role of identification in the development of gender. [8 marks] 1 7 Outline and evaluate psychological research into androgyny. [8 marks] Turn over for the next topic Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 8 Topic: Cognition and development 1 8 A psychologist studied the effects of using familiar play materials in a conservation experiment. There were 60 participants, all six years old. The psychologist assigned the first 30 children on the alphabetical list of participants to Group 1 and assigned the remaining 30 children to Group 2. Participants in Group 1 carried out 10 conservation tasks using familiar play materials. Participants in Group 2, the control group, carried out 10 conservation tasks using unfamiliar play materials. For each participant, the psychologist recorded the number of conservation tasks solved correctly. One way of improving this study would be to use random allocation. Explain how random allocation could have been carried out. 1 9 [3 marks] To analyse the results, the psychologist calculated the median conservation score for the participants in each group. The results are shown in the following table. Table 4 Median conservation scores for Group 1 and Group 2 Group 1 (familiar play materials) Group 2 (unfamiliar play materials) Median conservation score 9 2 What conclusion could the psychologist make from the results in Table 4? Justify your answer. 2 0 After conducting the study, the psychologist wrote up a psychological report. [2 marks] Which section of the psychological report should include information about how the participants were allocated to the two groups? [1 mark] 2 1 Briefly suggest two examples of a conservation task that the psychologist might have used in the study. [2 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 9 2 2 Discuss the role of the mirror neuron system in social cognition. [8 marks] 2 3 Outline and evaluate Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. [8 marks] Turn over for Section C Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 10 Section C Schizophrenia or Eating behaviour or Stress Choose one topic from Section C. Answer all questions on the topic you choose. Topic: Schizophrenia 2 4 Studies into the effectiveness of drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia sometimes combine the results of a number of different studies. Suggest one of the following techniques as an appropriate way to combine the results of different studies. Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A Content analysis B Correlational analysis C Meta-analysis D Thematic analysis 2 5 Which one of the following explains how typical antipsychotics work in the treatment of schizophrenia? Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A They block dopamine receptor sites. B They block dopamine receptor sites and prevent the re-uptake of dopamine. C They increase the number of dopamine receptor sites. D They prevent the re-uptake of dopamine. 2 6 Outline one limitation of the use of drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia. [2 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 11 2 7 Using an example of each, explain the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. [4 marks] 2 8 Jade has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her parents tell her they care about her but also complain that she is too dependent. They watch Jade closely, criticising her behaviour, and often argue about how they should treat her. Jade says her mother makes her feel uncomfortable and unloved, almost as if she was a stranger. Discuss family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Refer to Jade in your answer. [16 marks] Turn over for the next topic Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 12 Topic: Eating behaviour 2 9 Studies into the effectiveness of drugs in the treatment of conditions such as eating disorders sometimes combine the results of a number of different studies. Suggest one of the following techniques as an appropriate way to combine the results of different studies. Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A Content analysis B Correlational analysis C Meta-analysis D Thematic analysis 3 0 Which one of the following statements is TRUE? Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A Ghrelin is released from fat cells. B Ghrelin travels to the hypothalamus before eating. C Leptin is secreted from the wall of the stomach. D Leptin levels increase before eating. 3 1 Outline one limitation of neural explanations for anorexia nervosa. [2 marks] 3 2 Using an example of each, explain the difference between neophobia and taste aversion. [4 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 13 3 3 Zack has been diagnosed with an eating disorder. His parents tell him constantly how much they care about him and how they will always be together. Zack rarely goes out, except for going to school, and his mother watches him very closely. The family have a strict routine which Zack resents, but he does not complain or argue. Zack sometimes wishes he could have fun like other boys at school. Discuss family systems theory as an explanation for anorexia nervosa. Refer to Zack in your answer. [16 marks] Turn over for the next topic Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 14 Topic: Stress 3 4 Studies into the effectiveness of drug therapy in the treatment of stress sometimes combine the results of a number of different studies. Suggest one of the following techniques as an appropriate way to combine the results of different studies. Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A Content analysis B Correlational analysis C Meta-analysis D Thematic analysis 3 5 Which one of the following is TRUE of the sympathomedullary pathway? Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A Action of the pathway involves the release of adrenaline only. B Action of the pathway involves the release of both adrenaline and noradrenaline. C Action of the pathway involves the release of neither adrenaline nor noradrenaline. D Action of the pathway involves the release of noradrenaline only. 3 6 Outline one limitation of the use of drug therapy in the treatment of stress. [2 marks] 3 7 Using an example of each, explain the difference between instrumental support and emotional support. [4 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 15 3 8 Keira goes to Dr Bib because she feels anxious, cries a lot and has not slept properly for weeks. Sometimes she feels her heart pounding and thinks she will faint. She always seems to have a sore throat. Keira tells the doctor about all the problems in her life; she is a long-term carer for an elderly relative and has recently been upset by difficulties at work. Dr Bib thinks Keira is suffering from stress. He takes her blood pressure and also takes a blood sample. Discuss the role of stress in illness. Refer to Keira in your answer. [16 marks] Turn over for Section D Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 16 Section D Aggression or Forensic psychology or Addiction Choose one topic from Section D. Answer all questions on the topic you choose. Topic: Aggression 3 9 In psychological reporting it is usual to present book references in an accepted format. The reference below includes some, but not all, of the necessary pieces of information. The pieces of information included here are the author’s surname and initial, and the title of the book. Reference: Lorenz, K. On Aggression. Three further pieces of information are missing from the reference. What are they? [3 marks] 4 0 A prison officer investigating institutional aggression has devised a questionnaire for prisoners to complete. The questionnaire consists of a series of statements about prison life and the prisoners have to indicate how much they agree with each statement. One statement in the questionnaire is ‘The noise in the prison is unpleasant’. The response options in the questionnaire are ‘Agree’ and ‘Disagree’. Suggest how the response options in the questionnaire could be modified to better assess how much prisoners agree with the statement. 4 1 What is meant by an innate releasing mechanism? [2 marks] [3 marks] 4 2 Angel is often aggressive at school. At playtime, she pushes other children off the play equipment and snatches toys away from them. In the dinner queue, she pushes other children out of the way. At home, she sees her two older sisters fighting and listens to her mum yelling at the neighbours. When the sisters all play outside, they race around with their hoods up, hitting other children and shouting at them. Discuss one or more social psychological explanations for aggression. Refer to Angel in your answer. [16 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 17 Topic: Forensic psychology 4 3 In psychological reporting it is usual to present book references in an accepted format. The reference below includes some, but not all, of the necessary pieces of information. The pieces of information included here are the author’s surname and initials, and the title of the book. Reference: Eysenck, H.J. The Measurement of Personality. Three further pieces of information are missing from the reference. What are they? [3 marks] 4 4 A police trainer investigating offender profiling has devised a questionnaire for police officers to complete. The questionnaire consists of a series of statements about offender profiling and the police officers have to indicate how much they agree with each statement. One statement in the questionnaire is ‘Offender profiling can be helpful in solving crime’. The response options in the questionnaire are ‘Agree’ and ‘Disagree’. Suggest how the response options in the questionnaire could be modified to better assess how much the police officers agree with the statement. 4 5 Outline Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality. [2 marks] [3 marks] 4 6 Vera has a bad temper and has been in and out of prison many times. She is currently in prison for assault. The prison governor is keen to rehabilitate prisoners like Vera. Prison officers manage Vera’s temper through a system of rewards for good behaviour. To help with long-term reform, they try to give her strategies for managing her own behaviour in the outside world; Vera attends regular therapy classes and writes about situations when she has lost her temper. Discuss one or more ways of dealing with offending. Refer to Vera in your answer. [16 marks] Turn over for the next topic Turn over ► IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 18 Topic: Addiction 4 7 In psychological reporting it is usual to present book references in an accepted format. The reference below includes some, but not all, of the necessary pieces of information. The pieces of information included here are the author’s surname and initials, and the title of the book. Reference: Eysenck, H.J. The Measurement of Personality. Three further pieces of information are missing from the reference. What are they? [3 marks] 4 8 A social worker investigating nicotine addiction has devised a questionnaire for smokers to complete. The questionnaire consists of a series of statements about smoking, and smokers have to indicate how much they agree with each statement. One statement in the questionnaire is ‘Holding a cigarette makes me feel calm’. The response options in the questionnaire are ‘Agree’ and ‘Disagree’. Suggest how the response options in the questionnaire could be modified to better assess how much smokers agree with the statement. 4 9 Outline Prochaska’s model of behaviour change. [2 marks] [3 marks] 5 0 Asa plays internet poker when he is alone in the evening, losing large sums of money. Sometimes he goes to casinos for the extra thrill of being around other gamblers. He talks about all the times he has won and how skilled he is at placing bets. If people point out that he could lose, Asa just ignores them. Asa goes to a therapist for help with problem gambling. The therapist focuses on changing how Asa thinks about gambling and making the casino much less attractive. Discuss one or more ways of reducing addiction. Refer to Asa in your answer. [16 marks] END OF QUESTIONS IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 19 There are no questions printed on this page IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 20 There are no questions printed on this page Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from . Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2024 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. IB/G/Jun24/7182/3 A-level PSYCHOLOGY 7182/3 Paper 3 Issues and options in psychology Mark scheme June 2024 Version: 1.0 Final MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/3 – JUNE 2024 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. No student should be disadvantaged on the basis of their gender identity and/or how they refer to the gender identity of others in their exam responses. A consistent use of ‘they/them’ as a singular and pronouns beyond ‘she/her’ or ‘he/him’ will be credited in exam responses in line with existing mark scheme criteria. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from Copyright information AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Copyright © 2024 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 2 MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/3 – JUNE 2024 Level of response marking instructions Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. There are marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer read through the answer and annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. Step 1 Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower levels of the mark scheme. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer and not look to pick holes in small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level and then use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly Level 3 with a small amount of Level 4 material it would be placed in Level 3 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the Level 4 content. Step 2 Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. Answers in the standardising materials will correspond with the different levels of the mark scheme. These answers will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the standardised examples to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 3 MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/3 – JUNE 2024 Section A Issues and debates in psychology 0 1 Which psychologist believes in interactionism? Marks for this question: AO2 = 1 Answer: Carlo 0 2 Which psychologist believes in environmental reductionism? Marks for this question: AO2 = 1 Answer: Dalia 0 3 What is meant by ethnocentrism in psychology? Marks for this question: AO1 = 2 2 marks for a clear, coherent outline of ethnocentrism which includes explicit reference to the belief/assumption/view/judgement of cultural superiority. 1 mark for a limited/partial or muddled outline. [1 mark] [1 mark] [2 marks] Possible content:  judging other cultures according to the norms/standard/values of one’s own culture  at the extreme, believing in the superiority of one’s own culture  examples of ethnocentrism including brief explanation of why/how this illustrates ethnocentrism Credit other relevant material. 4 MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/3 – JUNE 2024 0 4 Outline two limitations of ethnocentrism. [4 marks] Marks for this question: AO3 = 4 For each limitation award marks as follows: 2 marks for a coherent limitation which clearly and explicitly conveys the negative effect 1 mark for limited/partial or muddled limitation where the negative effect is implied. Possible limitations:  can lead to prejudice against other ethnic groups/out groups  can lead to discrimination against other ethnic groups/out groups  increases in-group, out-group identity – emphasises apparent differences between own ethnic group and others  assumes members of an ethnic group are all the same/negates individual differences  in psychology, has led to the adoption of a ‘Western norm’ which would then devalue other cultures  findings from ethnocentric research should not be generalised to other cultures as only one culture has been studied – lack of validity. Credit other relevant limitations and limitations embedded in examples. 5 MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/3 – JUNE 2024 0 5 Discuss determinism in psychology. Refer to Maria in your answer. Marks for this question: AO1 = 6, AO2 = 4, AO3 = 6 Level Marks [16 marks] Description 4 13–16 Knowledge of determinism is accurate and generally well detailed. Application is effective. Discussion is thorough and effective. Minor detail and/or expansion of argument is sometimes lacking. The answer is clear, coherent and focused. Specialist terminology is used effectively. 3 9–12 Knowledge of determinism is evident but there are occasional inaccuracies/omissions. Application/discussion is mostly effective. The answer is mostly clear and organised but occasionally lacks focus. Specialist terminology is used appropriately. 2 5–8 Limited knowledge of determinism is present. Focus is mainly on description. Any discussion/application is of limited effectiveness. The answer lacks clarity, accuracy and organisation in places. Specialist terminology is used inappropriately on occasions. 1 1–4 Knowledge of determinism is very limited. Discussion/application is limited, poorly focused or absent. The answer as a whole lacks clarity, has many inaccuracies and is poorly organised. Specialist terminology is either absent or inappropriately used. 0 No relevant content. Possible content:  determinism – general idea that traits and behaviours are outside our control, due to internal or external factors over which we have no control  biological/genetic – behaviours/traits are governed by internal factors such as genes and neurochemicals  environmental – behaviours/traits are governed by external influences such as upbringing and experiences  psychic – behaviours/traits are governed by unconscious motives/desires and stem from early childhood experiences  hard – behaviours/traits are entirely out of an individual’s control  soft – behaviours/traits are determined by internal/external f