Summary NR 507 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)

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NR 507 CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS AN
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D ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025) (VERIFIE
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D ANSWERS) X




CAD should strongly be suspected and further testing to assess the extent of
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the patient's disease including: -
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xANS ✓Electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzymes & troponin, lipids, and cardiac s
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tress test. In most cases, the patient will be referred to and co-
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managed by a cardiologist. Treatment will include both non-
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pharmacological and pharmacological management of the disease. x x x x x x




Heart Failure - x x


ANS ✓Heart failure is a very complex disease state that can be the result of struct
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ural or functional impairment of the heart, which then leads to the heart's impaire
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d ability to fill or eject sufficient amounts of blood out to the body. Let's review so
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me basic concepts related to this disease:
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Cardiac Output (CO): The amount of blood that the heart pumps in 1 minute.
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CO is also known as cardiac contractility. x x x x x x x



-CO Formula: CO=heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
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SV: The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during each systoli
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c cardiac contraction. x x



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Afterload: The force, or load, which the heart must contract against in order
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to pump blood. Afterload is also known as systemic vascular resistance (SV
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R).
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Preload: The amount of stretch that the cardiac muscle exhibits at the end of
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ventricular filling. x x




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Not all patients present with the same signs and symptoms of heart failure a
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nd symptoms are dependent upon which side of the heart is affected. Let's d
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iscuss the difference. x x




Right-sided Heart Failure - ANS ✓-Right ventricle x x x x x x



-Superior vena cava (preload) x x x



-Pulmonary artery (afterload) x x




Let's shift to right heart failure (Cor Pulmonale). This is defined as the inabil
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ity of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary
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circulation.


Causes of right heart failure include:
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1) pulmonary disease that causes pulmonary hypertension. This is the most
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common cause; x



2) right ventricular myocardial infarction (MI), which weakens the cardiac
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muscle;
3) right ventricular hypertrophy (secondary to cardiac damage);
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4) tricuspid valve damage (causing backflow of the blood into the right atriu
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m or right ventricle after ejection); x x x x x



5) secondary failure as a result of left heart failure due to the build-
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up of pressure in the damage left ventricle. x x x x x x x




Since pulmonary hypertension is the most common cause of right-
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sided heart failure, it will be used to outline the disease process. Again, keep
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in mind that regardless of the cause of right heart failure, the overall proces
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s outlined here will be the same. x x x x x x




High pulmonary vascular pressure (increased afterload) will cause an incre
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ased right ventricular contraction force in order to eject the blood. Overtim
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e, this will reduce the ejection fraction and the right ventricle will be unable
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to eject the normal amount of blood. This will increase the amount of blood
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remaining in the right ventricle and, as a result, increase right ventricular p
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reload, resulting in the inability for the right atrium to eject the normal amo
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