PSYC 140 Developmental Psychology
Module 3 Exam Questions with Correct
Detailed Answers || Already Graded A+
<Recent Version>
Portage Learning
1. Key infant reflexes: - ANSWER ✔ 1) Rooting
2) Moro Reflex
3) Grasping/Palmer Reflex
4) Stepping Reflex
2. Rooting - ANSWER ✔ A reflex where a baby turns their head when the
cheek or mouth is touched.
3. Moro reflex - ANSWER ✔ A startled response: infant arches back and
throws out limbs.
4. Palmer reflex - ANSWER ✔ A spontaneous grasp made by an infant when
the palm is rubbed.
5. Stepping reflex - ANSWER ✔ Infant makes stepping motions when held
above surfaces.
6. During which Sensorimotor substage do infant reflexes start to go away and
infant behavior become more intentional and habit-forming: Primary
Circular Reactions, Tertiary Circular Reactions, or Coordination - ANSWER
✔ Primary Circular Reactions
7. Which Sensorimotor substage is characterized by experimentation with
objects and may even interact with multiple objects: Primary Circular
, Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, or Tertiary Circular Reactions -
ANSWER ✔ Tertiary Circular Reactions
8. According to Piaget, in which of the sensorimotor stage's substage do infants
experiment with toys, such as by playing with an object in different ways? -
ANSWER ✔ Tertiary Circular Reactions
9. Infancy - ANSWER ✔ Birth to about 2 years; refers to period before child
can speak
10.Infant weight - ANSWER ✔ By 5 months, birthweight has doubled; by 1
year, it has tripled; by 2 years, it has quadrupled
11.Infant length - ANSWER ✔ On average, by end of year 1, baby is 30 inches
tall; by end of year 2, child is 3 feet tall
12.Body proportions - ANSWER ✔ Not all body parts grow at the same rate
(head grows slower)
13.Cephalocaudal principle - ANSWER ✔ States that growth follows a
direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then
proceeds to the rest of the body (head to toe)
14.Proximodistal principle - ANSWER ✔ States that development proceeds
from the center of the body outward (from middle to extremities)
15.Secure attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of attachment in which
children use mother as a home base and are at ease as long as she is present;
when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
16.Avoidant attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of attachment in which
children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they
seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior
17.Ambivalent attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of attachment in
which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to
their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her
return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her
,18.Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of
attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory
behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking
at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all
19.Infant attachment - ANSWER ✔ Close emotional bond between infant and
caregiver; having a strong, firm attachment provides a "home base" for
infant
-infant attachment has consequences for relationships later in life
20.Reactive attachment disorder - ANSWER ✔ Usually the result of abuse and
neglect, results in:
-feeding difficulties
-unresponsiveness to social overtures from others
-general failure to thrive
21.Mirror neurons - ANSWER ✔ Fire when an individual enacts a behavior and
also when the individual observes another organism carrying out the same
behavior
22.Interactional synchrony - ANSWER ✔ Mother and infant reflect both the
actions and emotions of the other
23.Mothers and attachment - ANSWER ✔ Mother's sensitivity to child's needs
is hallmark for secure attachment
-aware of child's moods
-provides appropriate responses
-interactional synchrony contributes to secure attachment
24.Fathers and attachment - ANSWER ✔ Children's emotional well-being is
enhanced by fathers' expression of nurturance, warmth, affection, support,
and concern
-parental, particularly fatherly, involvement reduces depression/mental
health struggles and substance abuse
, 25.Infants reaction to other infants - ANSWER ✔ They respond positively -
laugh, smile, and vocalize; also show more interest in other infants than
inanimate objects; begin to show preferences for familiar peers
-by 14 months, infants imitate each other (joy or sadness/crying)
-imitation serves a social function and is a teaching tool
26.Erikson's psychosocial stages - infants - ANSWER ✔ Trust vs mistrust (first
18 months)
-depends on how well needs are met
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 months-3 years)
-developing sense of self, parents need to allow self-expression
27.Temperament - ANSWER ✔ "Building block of personality"; patterns of
arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of
an individual; refers to how children behave
28.Infant's temperament - ANSWER ✔ Appears from the time of birth, shows
stability from infancy through adolescence; includes activity level and
irritability; how parents react is the key
29.Thomas and Chess' Categories of Temperament - ANSWER ✔ 1. Easy
(40%)
2. Difficult (10%)
3. Slow to warm up (15%)
(Cannot be categorized - 35%)
30.Goodness of fit - ANSWER ✔ The notion that development is dependent on
the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and
demands of the environment in which they are being raised
31.How gender affects infancy - ANSWER ✔ -Fathers interact more with sons
than daughters, mothers more with daughters than sons
-Infants wear different clothes and play with different toys based on gender
-Infants' behavior is interpreted differently based on gender
-By age 1, infants distinguish male from female
(Males are fussier and more active than females)
Module 3 Exam Questions with Correct
Detailed Answers || Already Graded A+
<Recent Version>
Portage Learning
1. Key infant reflexes: - ANSWER ✔ 1) Rooting
2) Moro Reflex
3) Grasping/Palmer Reflex
4) Stepping Reflex
2. Rooting - ANSWER ✔ A reflex where a baby turns their head when the
cheek or mouth is touched.
3. Moro reflex - ANSWER ✔ A startled response: infant arches back and
throws out limbs.
4. Palmer reflex - ANSWER ✔ A spontaneous grasp made by an infant when
the palm is rubbed.
5. Stepping reflex - ANSWER ✔ Infant makes stepping motions when held
above surfaces.
6. During which Sensorimotor substage do infant reflexes start to go away and
infant behavior become more intentional and habit-forming: Primary
Circular Reactions, Tertiary Circular Reactions, or Coordination - ANSWER
✔ Primary Circular Reactions
7. Which Sensorimotor substage is characterized by experimentation with
objects and may even interact with multiple objects: Primary Circular
, Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, or Tertiary Circular Reactions -
ANSWER ✔ Tertiary Circular Reactions
8. According to Piaget, in which of the sensorimotor stage's substage do infants
experiment with toys, such as by playing with an object in different ways? -
ANSWER ✔ Tertiary Circular Reactions
9. Infancy - ANSWER ✔ Birth to about 2 years; refers to period before child
can speak
10.Infant weight - ANSWER ✔ By 5 months, birthweight has doubled; by 1
year, it has tripled; by 2 years, it has quadrupled
11.Infant length - ANSWER ✔ On average, by end of year 1, baby is 30 inches
tall; by end of year 2, child is 3 feet tall
12.Body proportions - ANSWER ✔ Not all body parts grow at the same rate
(head grows slower)
13.Cephalocaudal principle - ANSWER ✔ States that growth follows a
direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then
proceeds to the rest of the body (head to toe)
14.Proximodistal principle - ANSWER ✔ States that development proceeds
from the center of the body outward (from middle to extremities)
15.Secure attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of attachment in which
children use mother as a home base and are at ease as long as she is present;
when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
16.Avoidant attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of attachment in which
children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they
seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior
17.Ambivalent attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of attachment in
which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to
their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her
return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her
,18.Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern - ANSWER ✔ A style of
attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory
behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking
at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all
19.Infant attachment - ANSWER ✔ Close emotional bond between infant and
caregiver; having a strong, firm attachment provides a "home base" for
infant
-infant attachment has consequences for relationships later in life
20.Reactive attachment disorder - ANSWER ✔ Usually the result of abuse and
neglect, results in:
-feeding difficulties
-unresponsiveness to social overtures from others
-general failure to thrive
21.Mirror neurons - ANSWER ✔ Fire when an individual enacts a behavior and
also when the individual observes another organism carrying out the same
behavior
22.Interactional synchrony - ANSWER ✔ Mother and infant reflect both the
actions and emotions of the other
23.Mothers and attachment - ANSWER ✔ Mother's sensitivity to child's needs
is hallmark for secure attachment
-aware of child's moods
-provides appropriate responses
-interactional synchrony contributes to secure attachment
24.Fathers and attachment - ANSWER ✔ Children's emotional well-being is
enhanced by fathers' expression of nurturance, warmth, affection, support,
and concern
-parental, particularly fatherly, involvement reduces depression/mental
health struggles and substance abuse
, 25.Infants reaction to other infants - ANSWER ✔ They respond positively -
laugh, smile, and vocalize; also show more interest in other infants than
inanimate objects; begin to show preferences for familiar peers
-by 14 months, infants imitate each other (joy or sadness/crying)
-imitation serves a social function and is a teaching tool
26.Erikson's psychosocial stages - infants - ANSWER ✔ Trust vs mistrust (first
18 months)
-depends on how well needs are met
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 months-3 years)
-developing sense of self, parents need to allow self-expression
27.Temperament - ANSWER ✔ "Building block of personality"; patterns of
arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of
an individual; refers to how children behave
28.Infant's temperament - ANSWER ✔ Appears from the time of birth, shows
stability from infancy through adolescence; includes activity level and
irritability; how parents react is the key
29.Thomas and Chess' Categories of Temperament - ANSWER ✔ 1. Easy
(40%)
2. Difficult (10%)
3. Slow to warm up (15%)
(Cannot be categorized - 35%)
30.Goodness of fit - ANSWER ✔ The notion that development is dependent on
the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and
demands of the environment in which they are being raised
31.How gender affects infancy - ANSWER ✔ -Fathers interact more with sons
than daughters, mothers more with daughters than sons
-Infants wear different clothes and play with different toys based on gender
-Infants' behavior is interpreted differently based on gender
-By age 1, infants distinguish male from female
(Males are fussier and more active than females)
