Valvular Heart Disease

What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in elderly patients? • Bicuspid aortic valve • Rheumatic heart disease • Age-related calcific degeneration • Infective endocarditis Age-related calcific degeneration Which valvular heart disease is characterized by a mid-systolic click followed by a late systolic murmur? • Aortic stenosis • Mitral valve prolapse • Tricuspid regurgitation • Pulmonary stenosis Mitral valve prolapse Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with mitral stenosis? • Congenital heart disease • Rheumatic fever • Hypertension • Infective endocarditis Rheumatic fever Which murmur is best heard at the right upper sternal border and radiates to the carotids? • Aortic stenosis • Mitral regurgitation • Tricuspid stenosis • Pulmonary regurgitation Aortic stenosis What is the most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation? • Rheumatic heart disease • Endocarditis • Pulmonary hypertension • Congenital malformation Pulmonary hypertension Which of the following is a key physical exam finding in severe aortic regurgitation? • Opening snap • Water hammer pulse • Diastolic rumble at the apex • Paradoxical splitting of S2 Water hammer pulse Which diagnostic test is most useful for evaluating valvular heart disease? • Chest X-ray • Electrocardiogram (ECG) • Echocardiogram • Cardiac catheterization Echocardiogram Which valvular disease is associated with a widened pulse pressure? • Mitral stenosis • Aortic regurgitation • Pulmonary stenosis • Tricuspid regurgitation Aortic regurgitation Which of the following murmurs is best heard at the left lower sternal border and increases with inspiration? • Aortic stenosis • Mitral regurgitation • Tricuspid regurgitation • Aortic regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation What is the most common complication of untreated severe mitral stenosis? • Atrial fibrillation • Pulmonary embolism • Ventricular tachycardia • Myocardial infarction Atrial fibrillation Which valvular disease presents with a decrescendo diastolic murmur at the left sternal border? • Aortic regurgitation • Mitral stenosis • Pulmonary stenosis • Tricuspid stenosis Aortic regurgitation Which valvular disease is most commonly associated with infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users? • Aortic stenosis • Mitral regurgitation • Tricuspid regurgitation • Pulmonary stenosis Tricuspid regurgitation Which intervention is preferred for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis in a high-risk surgical patient? • Medical management only • Balloon valvuloplasty • Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) • Open surgical valve replacement Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) Which auscultatory finding is characteristic of mitral stenosis? • Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur • Opening snap followed by a diastolic rumble • Holosystolic murmur at the apex • Continuous "machinery-like" murmur Opening snap followed by a diastolic rumble