PATHO CH 19 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

PATHO CH 19 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation WITH CORRECT ANSWERS Question 1:  In addition to under or overproduction of hormones, endocrine system problems can stem from: a. faulty receptor function. b. irregular hormone levels. c. increased creation of second messengers. d. altered extracellular electrolyte balance. - Answer: A Endocrine dysfunction often occurs due to problems with cell receptors or altered cellular responses to hormone-receptor binding. While abnormal hormone levels can exist, they are not usually the root cause of the dysfunction. Intracellular storage of second messengers is not a known cause, but dysfunctional receptors are a key factor. Electrolyte imbalances may result from endocrine problems, but they are not the primary cause. Question 2:  What is the primary reason for increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion? a. Autoimmune disease b. Cancer c. Pregnancy d. Heart failure - Answer: B The most frequent cause of elevated ADH levels is cancer, rather than autoimmune conditions, pregnancy, or heart failure. Question 3:  A 54-year-old patient with tuberculosis is being assessed for SIADH. What electrolyte imbalance would be expected? a. Hyponatremia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hypernatremia d. Hypokalemia - Answer: A Hyponatremia (low sodium) is expected in SIADH due to excessive water reabsorption by the kidneys. Hyperkalemia (high potassium) does not occur in SIADH. Sodium levels are decreased in hyponatremia, not increased. Hypokalemia (low potassium) is not characteristic of SIADH. It is predominately a sodium issue. Question 4:  A 44-year-old patient with tuberculosis is being evaluated for SIADH. What assessment finding would support this diagnosis? a. Swelling in extremities b. Rapid heart rate c. Low blood pressure d. Highly concentrated urine - Answer: D A key sign of SIADH is urine that is overly concentrated compared to blood osmolarity. Peripheral edema, tachycardia, and low blood pressure are not typical manifestations of SIADH. Question 5:  A nurse is caring for a patient with SIADH. What major complication should the nurse monitor for? a. Stroke b. Diabetes insipidus c. Neurological problems d. Kidney failure - Answer: C Severe hyponatremia in SIADH (110-115 mEq/L) can lead to confusion, lethargy, muscle twitching, convulsions, and significant neurological damage. Stroke, diabetes insipidus, and renal failure are not associated with SIADH. Question 6:  A patient with a severe head injury affecting the posterior pituitary is admitted to the ICU. Which complication is most likely? a. Dilutional hyponatremia b. Dehydration from excessive urination c. Cardiac arrest from hyperkalemia d. Metabolic acidosis - Answer: B Damage to the posterior pituitary can result in diabetes insipidus, leading to excessive urination and subsequent dehydration. This condition causes hypernatremia, not hyponatremia. Imbalances of electrolytes other than sodium and acidosis are not typically associated with diabetes insipidus.