I/O Psychology (Exam 1) Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
CHAPTER 1 - ✔✔...
Influential Early 20th Century Scientists - ✔✔- Hugo Munsterberg
- Walter D. Scott
- Frederick W. Taylor
- Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Hugo Munsterberg - ✔✔Interested in the design of work and personnel selection
Walter D. Scott - ✔✔Pioneered Industrial Psychology. He was the first professor of
Industrial Psychology
Frederick W. Taylor - ✔✔- Time and motion studies
- Scientific management
(F.T) Scientific Management - ✔✔A movement started by Taylor, was a method of using
scientific principles to improve the efficiency and productivity of jobs.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,(F.T) Time-and-motion Studies - ✔✔Taylor developed time-and-motion studies-
procedures in which work tasks are broken down into simple component movements
timed to develop a more efficient method for performing the tasks.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - ✔✔- Implemented principles of scientific management
- Revolutionized several physical labor jobs.
- They also worked with time-and-motion studies. They wrote Cheaper By The Dozen
concerning applying time-and-motion studies to their 12 children. They also applied it
to many other jobs.
WWI and 1920s - ✔✔Robert Yerkes
- Worked with the U.S Army to develop intelligence tests for Army Recruits
- Alpha (for people who could read) and Beta Tests (for people who couldn't read)
James McKeen Cattell
- Opened one of the first I/O Consulting Organizations
Great Depression and WWII - ✔✔Elton Mayo
- Conducted Hawthorne Experiments.
- Elton Mayo and his colleagues examined the effects of the physical environment on
worker productivity.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,- In one particular study, they examined the effect of lighting on worker productivity.
Results of the study found that productivity increased regardless of level of lighting.
Hawthorne Effect - ✔✔The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behavior occurring as
a function of participants' knowledge that they are being observed and their
expectations concerning their role as research participants.
Human Relation Movement - ✔✔The human relations movement was a movement
based on the studies of Elton Mayo that emphasizes the importance of social factors in
influencing work performance.
I/O Psych Trends (1) - ✔✔First trend: The changing nature of work.
- Organizational downsizing refers to the strategy of reducing an organization's
workforce to improve organizational efficiency and/or competitiveness.
I/O Psych Trends (2) - ✔✔Second Trend: Expanding focus on human resources.
- Competition for highly-skilled workers
- Growing number of low-skilled workers in the service industry.
I/O Psych Trends (3) - ✔✔Third trend: Increasing diversity in the workforce.
- Workforce is becoming more diverse
- Women make up two thirds of all entering workers in the labor market.
- Ethnic minority group members make up one third of all entering workers.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, I/O Psych Trends (4) - ✔✔Fourth trend: Increasing globalization of business.
- More businesses are focusing on the global economy.
- Potential issues for worker training
CHAPTER 2 - ✔✔...
Independent Variable - ✔✔Variable manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable - ✔✔Variable that is affected (or acted upon) by the independent
variable.
Hypothesis - ✔✔Hypotheses are statements about the supposed relationships between
or among variables.
Theory/Model - ✔✔A theory or model is an organization of beliefs into a
representation of the factors that affect behavior.
Sampling - ✔✔The selection of a representative group from a larger population for
study.
Random Sampling - ✔✔Refers to the selection of research participants from a
population so that each individual has an equal probability of being chosen.
Stratified Sampling - ✔✔is the selection of research participants based on categories
representing important distinguishing characteristics of a population.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
and Answers 100% Pass
CHAPTER 1 - ✔✔...
Influential Early 20th Century Scientists - ✔✔- Hugo Munsterberg
- Walter D. Scott
- Frederick W. Taylor
- Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Hugo Munsterberg - ✔✔Interested in the design of work and personnel selection
Walter D. Scott - ✔✔Pioneered Industrial Psychology. He was the first professor of
Industrial Psychology
Frederick W. Taylor - ✔✔- Time and motion studies
- Scientific management
(F.T) Scientific Management - ✔✔A movement started by Taylor, was a method of using
scientific principles to improve the efficiency and productivity of jobs.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,(F.T) Time-and-motion Studies - ✔✔Taylor developed time-and-motion studies-
procedures in which work tasks are broken down into simple component movements
timed to develop a more efficient method for performing the tasks.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - ✔✔- Implemented principles of scientific management
- Revolutionized several physical labor jobs.
- They also worked with time-and-motion studies. They wrote Cheaper By The Dozen
concerning applying time-and-motion studies to their 12 children. They also applied it
to many other jobs.
WWI and 1920s - ✔✔Robert Yerkes
- Worked with the U.S Army to develop intelligence tests for Army Recruits
- Alpha (for people who could read) and Beta Tests (for people who couldn't read)
James McKeen Cattell
- Opened one of the first I/O Consulting Organizations
Great Depression and WWII - ✔✔Elton Mayo
- Conducted Hawthorne Experiments.
- Elton Mayo and his colleagues examined the effects of the physical environment on
worker productivity.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,- In one particular study, they examined the effect of lighting on worker productivity.
Results of the study found that productivity increased regardless of level of lighting.
Hawthorne Effect - ✔✔The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behavior occurring as
a function of participants' knowledge that they are being observed and their
expectations concerning their role as research participants.
Human Relation Movement - ✔✔The human relations movement was a movement
based on the studies of Elton Mayo that emphasizes the importance of social factors in
influencing work performance.
I/O Psych Trends (1) - ✔✔First trend: The changing nature of work.
- Organizational downsizing refers to the strategy of reducing an organization's
workforce to improve organizational efficiency and/or competitiveness.
I/O Psych Trends (2) - ✔✔Second Trend: Expanding focus on human resources.
- Competition for highly-skilled workers
- Growing number of low-skilled workers in the service industry.
I/O Psych Trends (3) - ✔✔Third trend: Increasing diversity in the workforce.
- Workforce is becoming more diverse
- Women make up two thirds of all entering workers in the labor market.
- Ethnic minority group members make up one third of all entering workers.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, I/O Psych Trends (4) - ✔✔Fourth trend: Increasing globalization of business.
- More businesses are focusing on the global economy.
- Potential issues for worker training
CHAPTER 2 - ✔✔...
Independent Variable - ✔✔Variable manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable - ✔✔Variable that is affected (or acted upon) by the independent
variable.
Hypothesis - ✔✔Hypotheses are statements about the supposed relationships between
or among variables.
Theory/Model - ✔✔A theory or model is an organization of beliefs into a
representation of the factors that affect behavior.
Sampling - ✔✔The selection of a representative group from a larger population for
study.
Random Sampling - ✔✔Refers to the selection of research participants from a
population so that each individual has an equal probability of being chosen.
Stratified Sampling - ✔✔is the selection of research participants based on categories
representing important distinguishing characteristics of a population.
Brittie Donald, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
