Federal Tax Research, 12th Edition Page 1-1
Solution Manual Federal Tax Research 12th Edition by Roby Sawyers, Steven Gill
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO TAX PRACTICE AND ETHICS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1-1. In the United States, the tax system is an outgrowth of the following five disciplines: law,
accounting, economics, political science, and sociology. The environment for the tax system is
provided by the principles of economics, sociology, and political science, while the legal and
accounting fields are responsible for the system‘s interpretation and application.
Each of these disciplines affects this country‘s tax system in a unique way. Economists address
such issues as how proposed tax legislation will affect the rate of inflation or economic growth.
Measurement of the social equity of a tax and determining whether a tax system discriminates
against certain taxpayers are issues that are examined by sociologists and political scientists.
Finally, attorneys are responsible for the interpretation of the taxation statutes, and accountants
ensure that these same statutes are applied consistently.
Page 4
1-2. The other major categories of tax practice in addition to tax research are as follows:
Tax compliance
Tax planning
Tax litigation
Page 5
1-3. Tax compliance consists of gathering pertinent information, evaluating and classifying that
information, and filing any necessary tax returns. Compliance also includes other functions
necessary to satisfy governmental requirements, such as representing a client during an Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) audit.
,Page 1-2 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Page 5
1-4. Most of the tax compliance work is performed by commercial tax preparers, enrolled agents
(EAs), attorneys, and certified public accountants (CPAs). Noncomplex individual, partnership,
and corporate tax returns often are completed by commercial tax preparers. The preparation of
more complex returns usually is performed by EAs, attorneys, and CPAs. The latter groups also
provide tax planning services and represent their clients before the IRS.
An EA is one who is admitted to practice before the IRS by passing a special IRS-administered
examination, or who has worked for the IRS for five years and is issued a permit to represent
clients before the IRS. CPAs and attorneys are not required to take this examination and are
automatically admitted to practice before the IRS if they are in good standing with the appropriate
professional licensing board.
Page 5 and Circular 230
1-5. Tax planning is the process of arranging one‘s financial affairs to minimize any tax liability. Much
of modern tax practice centers around this process, and the resulting outcome is tax avoidance.
There is nothing illegal or immoral in the avoidance of taxation as long as the taxpayer remains
within legal bounds. In contrast, tax evasion constitutes the illegal nonpayment of a tax and cannot
be condoned. Activities of this sort clearly violate existing legal constraints and fall outside of the
domain of the professional tax practitioner.
Page 6
1-6. In an open tax planning situation, the transaction is not yet complete; therefore, the tax practitioner
maintains some degree of control over the potential tax liability, and the transaction may be modi-
fied to achieve a more favorable tax treatment. In a closed transaction however, all of the pertinent
actions have been completed, and tax planning activities may be limited to the presentation of the
situation to the government in the most legally advantageous manner possible.
,Federal Tax Research, 12th Edition Page 1-3
Page 6
1-7. Tax litigation is the process of settling a dispute with the IRS in a court of law. Typically, a tax
attorney handles tax litigation that progresses beyond the final IRS appeal.
Page 6
1-8. CPAs serve is a support capacity in tax litigation.
Page 6
1-9. Tax research consists of the resolution of unanswered taxation questions. The tax research process
includes the following:
1. Identification of pertinent issues;
2. Specification of proper authorities;
3. Evaluation of the propriety of authorities; and,
4. Application of authorities to a specific situation.
Page 6
1-10. Circular 230 is issued by the Treasury Department and applies to all who practice before the IRS.
Page 7
1-11. In addition to Circular 230, CPAs must follow the AICPA‘s Code of Professional Conduct and
Statements on Standards for Tax Services. CPAs must also abide by the rules of the appropriate
state board(s) of accountancy.
Page 7
1-12. A yreturn ypreparer ymust yobtain y18 yhours yof ycontinuing yeducation yfrom yan yIRS-approved
yCE yProvider. yThe yhours ymust yinclude ya y6 ycredit yhour yAnnual yFederal yTax yRefresher
ycourse y(AFTR) ythat ycovers yfiling yseason yissues yand ytax ylaw yupdates. yThe yAFTR
ycourse ymust yinclude ya yknowledge-ybased ycomprehension ytest yadministered yat ythe
yconclusion yof ythe ycourse yby ythe yCE yProvider.
, Page 1-4 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Limited ypractice yrights yallow yindividuals yto yrepresent yclients ywhose yreturns ythey
yprepared yandysigned, ybut yonly ybefore yrevenue yagents, ycustomer yservice
yrepresentatives, yand ysimilar yIRS yemployees.
Page y10 yand yIRS.gov
1-13. False. yOnly ycommunication ywith ythe yIRS yconcerning ya ytaxpayer‘s yrights, yprivileges, yor
yliability yisyincluded. yPractice ybefore ythe yIRS ydoes ynot yinclude yrepresentation ybefore ythe
yTax yCourt.
Page y7
1-14. Section y10.2 yof ySubpart yA yof yCircular y230 ydefines ypractice ybefore ythe yIRS yas yincluding:
matters yconnected ywith ypresentation yto ythe yInternal yRevenue yService yor yany yof
yits yofficersyor yemployees yrelating yto ya yclient‘s yrights, yprivileges, yor yliabilities
yunder ylaws yor yregulations yadministered yby ythe yInternal yRevenue yService. ySuch
ypresentations yinclude ytheypreparation yand yfiling yof ynecessary ydocuments,
ycorrespondence ywith, yand ycommunications yto ythe yInternal yRevenue yService, yand
ythe yrepresentation yof ya yclient yat yconferences, yhearings, yand ymeetings.
Page y7
1-15. To ybecome yan yEA yan yindividual ycan y(1) ypass ya ytest ygiven yby ythe yIRS yor y(2) ywork
yfor y the yIRS yforyfive yyears. yCircular y230, ySubpart yA, y§§ y10.4 yto y10.6.
Page y9
1-16. EAs ymust ycomplete y72 yhours yof ycontinuing yeducation yevery ythree yyears y(an yaverage yof
y24 yper yyear,ywith ya yminimum yof y16 yhours yduring yany yyear). yCircular y230, ySubpart yA.
y§ y10.6.
Page y9
1-17. True. yAs ya ygeneral yrule, yan yindividual ymust ybe yan yEA, yattorney, yor yCPA yto yrepresent
ya yclient ybeforeythe yIRS. yThere yare ylimited ysituations ywhere yothers ymay yrepresent ya
ytaxpayer; yhowever, ythis yfact ypattern yis ynot yone yof ythem. ySince yLeigh ydid ynot ysign ythe
yreturn, yshe ycannot yrepresent ythe ytaxpayer, yonly yRose ycan.
Solution Manual Federal Tax Research 12th Edition by Roby Sawyers, Steven Gill
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO TAX PRACTICE AND ETHICS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1-1. In the United States, the tax system is an outgrowth of the following five disciplines: law,
accounting, economics, political science, and sociology. The environment for the tax system is
provided by the principles of economics, sociology, and political science, while the legal and
accounting fields are responsible for the system‘s interpretation and application.
Each of these disciplines affects this country‘s tax system in a unique way. Economists address
such issues as how proposed tax legislation will affect the rate of inflation or economic growth.
Measurement of the social equity of a tax and determining whether a tax system discriminates
against certain taxpayers are issues that are examined by sociologists and political scientists.
Finally, attorneys are responsible for the interpretation of the taxation statutes, and accountants
ensure that these same statutes are applied consistently.
Page 4
1-2. The other major categories of tax practice in addition to tax research are as follows:
Tax compliance
Tax planning
Tax litigation
Page 5
1-3. Tax compliance consists of gathering pertinent information, evaluating and classifying that
information, and filing any necessary tax returns. Compliance also includes other functions
necessary to satisfy governmental requirements, such as representing a client during an Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) audit.
,Page 1-2 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Page 5
1-4. Most of the tax compliance work is performed by commercial tax preparers, enrolled agents
(EAs), attorneys, and certified public accountants (CPAs). Noncomplex individual, partnership,
and corporate tax returns often are completed by commercial tax preparers. The preparation of
more complex returns usually is performed by EAs, attorneys, and CPAs. The latter groups also
provide tax planning services and represent their clients before the IRS.
An EA is one who is admitted to practice before the IRS by passing a special IRS-administered
examination, or who has worked for the IRS for five years and is issued a permit to represent
clients before the IRS. CPAs and attorneys are not required to take this examination and are
automatically admitted to practice before the IRS if they are in good standing with the appropriate
professional licensing board.
Page 5 and Circular 230
1-5. Tax planning is the process of arranging one‘s financial affairs to minimize any tax liability. Much
of modern tax practice centers around this process, and the resulting outcome is tax avoidance.
There is nothing illegal or immoral in the avoidance of taxation as long as the taxpayer remains
within legal bounds. In contrast, tax evasion constitutes the illegal nonpayment of a tax and cannot
be condoned. Activities of this sort clearly violate existing legal constraints and fall outside of the
domain of the professional tax practitioner.
Page 6
1-6. In an open tax planning situation, the transaction is not yet complete; therefore, the tax practitioner
maintains some degree of control over the potential tax liability, and the transaction may be modi-
fied to achieve a more favorable tax treatment. In a closed transaction however, all of the pertinent
actions have been completed, and tax planning activities may be limited to the presentation of the
situation to the government in the most legally advantageous manner possible.
,Federal Tax Research, 12th Edition Page 1-3
Page 6
1-7. Tax litigation is the process of settling a dispute with the IRS in a court of law. Typically, a tax
attorney handles tax litigation that progresses beyond the final IRS appeal.
Page 6
1-8. CPAs serve is a support capacity in tax litigation.
Page 6
1-9. Tax research consists of the resolution of unanswered taxation questions. The tax research process
includes the following:
1. Identification of pertinent issues;
2. Specification of proper authorities;
3. Evaluation of the propriety of authorities; and,
4. Application of authorities to a specific situation.
Page 6
1-10. Circular 230 is issued by the Treasury Department and applies to all who practice before the IRS.
Page 7
1-11. In addition to Circular 230, CPAs must follow the AICPA‘s Code of Professional Conduct and
Statements on Standards for Tax Services. CPAs must also abide by the rules of the appropriate
state board(s) of accountancy.
Page 7
1-12. A yreturn ypreparer ymust yobtain y18 yhours yof ycontinuing yeducation yfrom yan yIRS-approved
yCE yProvider. yThe yhours ymust yinclude ya y6 ycredit yhour yAnnual yFederal yTax yRefresher
ycourse y(AFTR) ythat ycovers yfiling yseason yissues yand ytax ylaw yupdates. yThe yAFTR
ycourse ymust yinclude ya yknowledge-ybased ycomprehension ytest yadministered yat ythe
yconclusion yof ythe ycourse yby ythe yCE yProvider.
, Page 1-4 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Limited ypractice yrights yallow yindividuals yto yrepresent yclients ywhose yreturns ythey
yprepared yandysigned, ybut yonly ybefore yrevenue yagents, ycustomer yservice
yrepresentatives, yand ysimilar yIRS yemployees.
Page y10 yand yIRS.gov
1-13. False. yOnly ycommunication ywith ythe yIRS yconcerning ya ytaxpayer‘s yrights, yprivileges, yor
yliability yisyincluded. yPractice ybefore ythe yIRS ydoes ynot yinclude yrepresentation ybefore ythe
yTax yCourt.
Page y7
1-14. Section y10.2 yof ySubpart yA yof yCircular y230 ydefines ypractice ybefore ythe yIRS yas yincluding:
matters yconnected ywith ypresentation yto ythe yInternal yRevenue yService yor yany yof
yits yofficersyor yemployees yrelating yto ya yclient‘s yrights, yprivileges, yor yliabilities
yunder ylaws yor yregulations yadministered yby ythe yInternal yRevenue yService. ySuch
ypresentations yinclude ytheypreparation yand yfiling yof ynecessary ydocuments,
ycorrespondence ywith, yand ycommunications yto ythe yInternal yRevenue yService, yand
ythe yrepresentation yof ya yclient yat yconferences, yhearings, yand ymeetings.
Page y7
1-15. To ybecome yan yEA yan yindividual ycan y(1) ypass ya ytest ygiven yby ythe yIRS yor y(2) ywork
yfor y the yIRS yforyfive yyears. yCircular y230, ySubpart yA, y§§ y10.4 yto y10.6.
Page y9
1-16. EAs ymust ycomplete y72 yhours yof ycontinuing yeducation yevery ythree yyears y(an yaverage yof
y24 yper yyear,ywith ya yminimum yof y16 yhours yduring yany yyear). yCircular y230, ySubpart yA.
y§ y10.6.
Page y9
1-17. True. yAs ya ygeneral yrule, yan yindividual ymust ybe yan yEA, yattorney, yor yCPA yto yrepresent
ya yclient ybeforeythe yIRS. yThere yare ylimited ysituations ywhere yothers ymay yrepresent ya
ytaxpayer; yhowever, ythis yfact ypattern yis ynot yone yof ythem. ySince yLeigh ydid ynot ysign ythe
yreturn, yshe ycannot yrepresent ythe ytaxpayer, yonly yRose ycan.
