FCCN level 1 Exam Solution Manual Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 Already Passed

FCCN level 1 Exam Solution Manual Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 Already Passed minimum urine output for adult - Answers 0.5mL/kg/hr ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Answers - water retainer - vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin) - produced by hypothalamus - store and released from posterior pituitary ADH pathway - Answers - hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and increased serum osmolality - signal pituitary to release ADH - ADH causes kidney to retain water - water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - Answers - cardiac hormone stored in atria - released when atrial pressure increases *works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular volume - important diagnostic marker in CHF hydrostatic pressure - Answers - forces fluids and solutes through the capillary wall and into the tissue spaces colloid osmotic pressure - Answers - pulling force of albumin in the intravascular spaces - pull fluid into vasculature maintenance fluid therapy - Answers - replaces normal ongoing losses of water and electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool) replacement therapy - Answers - corrects any existing water and or electrolyte deficits isotonic fluids - Answers - tonicity equal to plasma in the body - no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated - LR - NS - D5W hypotonic fluids - Answers - lower concentration of solutes in the vasculature than in the cell - fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS) - 0.45NS hypertonic fluid - Answers - higher concentration of solutes in the vasculature than in the cell - pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS) - D5 .45NS - D5NS - D5LR - 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl colloids - Answers - pull fluid into bloodstream Albumin - 5% is osmotically equal to plasma - 25% draws 4 times the normal volume into the circulation blood - Answers - not a risk free fluid replacement - this is liquid transplant third spacing - Answers - fluid is not lost from the body but the fluid is not available for use in the intracellular or extracellular compartments (fluid is in between tissues/cells) - this patient is intravascularly dry and still needs more fluid - can you give platelets through the ranger - Answers - no it will aggreggate the platelets hyponatremia - Answers - less than 135 -145 - weakness - abdominal cramping/leg cramps - dizzy - change in LOC - seizures different ways to treat hyponatremia - Answers - hypovolemic (give IV fluid) - euvolemic (fluid restriction) - hypervolemic (diuretic) severe hyponatremia - Answers - EMERGENCY - below 115 - give hypertonic saline if patient is symptomatic - in ICU setting *infused slowly in small amounts....be prepared to handle seizures* hypokalemia ECG changes - Answers - prolonged QT - ST depression *U WAVE is hallmark sign* if you see a U wave then YOU need K+ hypokalemia - Answers - 3.5 to 5 - muscle weakness hyperkalemia ECG changes - Answers - tall tented T waves is the earliest sign