NBCE - PART 2 – PRINCIPLES CERTIFICATION EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

NBCE - PART 2 – PRINCIPLES CERTIFICATION EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS DD - Answer-who came up with theory of nerve compression-subluxation results in altered nerve transmission of nerve energy, nerve impingements include: pressure,traction, torsion, stretch, angulation TONE axoplasmic aberrations - Answer-one nerve or plexus with decreased protein supply in microtubular network neurodystrophic AKA neuroimmunomodulation - Answer-stress leads to altered neuroendocrine then decreased immunity then multiple fixations T1-L1, proprioceptive insult - Answer-this theory of subluxation is due to injury misuse, overuse in a muscle or joint irritates mechanoreceptors-irritated muscle spindle bombards internuncial pool with messages that results in spasm lessened mobility, aberrant reflexes, segmental facilitation, soft tissue aberrations - Answer-fixation theory Korr - Answer-who came up with hypersympatheticotonia? hypersympatheticotonia - Answer-facilitation of muscle spindles based on theory of strain and counterstrain gamma gain - Answer-steady state spindle, muscle contraction chemicals influence nerve stimulation muscle spindle - Answer-what helps develop muscle resistance? KORR - Answer-who found that muscles spasms because isometric contraction or approximation of 2 muscle attachments causes muscle slack then causes CNA to increase gamma dishcharge and causes muscle spam. stretching these muscles help reflex theory - Answer-AKA somatic dysafferentation theory-somatic bombardment of dorsal horn- causes increased pain and decreased mechanoreceptors cause-afferent - Answer-number one of reflex theory effect-efferent - Answer-number two of reflex theory organ - Answer-according to reflex theory muscle is with what viscera blood - Answer-according to reflex theory bone is with what viscera-emotions is the psychic lymph - Answer-according to reflex theory nerve is with what viscera-autosuggestions cord compression AKA compressive myelopathy - Answer-severe subluxation and ligament laxity c1-c2 causes it, dentate traction causes direct mechanical irriation to cord, lateral translation can irritate cord, especially during distraction cord traction - Answer-adjust this with SOT, restores CSF flow: sphenobasilar top, sacral bottom vertebral artery insufficiency - Answer-cervical rotation causes nausea numbness nystagmus dural torque AKA dentate cord distortion - Answer-Grostic found this theory-dentate ligament get rotational stress, made of pia mater pia,dura - Answer-dentate ligament attaches from ______ to _______ intervertebral encroachment theory - Answer-IVF encroaches DRG then releases substance P, then destroys disc DRG - Answer-most sensitvie neurological structure to compression substance P, VIP - Answer-what does DRG release that is very acidic and causes disc degeneration middle of IVF - Answer-location of DRG in cervicals medial part of IVF - Answer-location of DRG in lumbars and thoracics 1/3 - Answer-how much of IVF do transforaminal ligaments fill 1-4 - Answer-how many transforaminal ligaments at each level? inhibits,increases - Answer-Substance P _____ pain in CNS, _______ pain in PNS no - Answer-is DRG always in the IVF 10 - Answer-how many mm of Hg alters DRG output? muscle,tendon - Answer-active pain ligament, joint-sclerotogenous - Answer-passive pain bursal irritation, facet tenderness - Answer-pin point pain visceral irritation - Answer-deep, boring pain causalgia (RSDS) - Answer-burning pain radiating - Answer-pain along a nerve nerve root - Answer-radiculo peripheral nerve - Answer-neuro bouts of pain - Answer-algia constant pain - Answer-itis sensory - Answer-is sensory or motor affected first on nerve injuries vascular, edema, facilitation - Answer-what can acute nerve compression cause chronic nerve compression - Answer-this can cause axoplasmic transport aberration, diminished nerve transmission, wallerian degeneration, local tissue death neuropraxia - Answer-mildest form of nerve injury caused by trauma, due to compression or ischemia, burner or stinger in athletes, minimal demyelinization axonotmesis - Answer-severe crush or contusion of nerve, nerve fiber damaged, motor/sensory loss, wallerian degen, slow recovery neurotmesis - Answer-nerve damage due to contusion, stretch, laceraion- complete disorganization, motor, sensory, ANS loss, require surgery traumatic neuroma - Answer-transection of nerve causing multiple synapse recovery trauma pain amplifiers - Answer-substance P, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes chemical pain amplifiers - Answer-lactic acid, potassium iodides, histmine, glycosaminoglycans, prostaglandin wide dynamic receiver (WDR) - Answer-chronic instability resulting in mechanoreceptors morphing into nociceptors