Microbiology, A Systems Approach, Ch. 7 -- Marjorie Kelly Cowan
1. Nutrients: Processed and transformed into the chemicals of the cell after
absorption
2. Essential nutrient: Any substance that must be provided to an organism
3. Macronutrients: -required in relatively large quantities
-play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
-ex. C, H, O
4. Micronutrients: -"trace elements"
-present in small amounts
-involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
-ex. Mag, Zinc, Nickle
5. inorganic nutrient: A combination of atoms other than C and H
6. oxygen: O2 in air, certain oxides, water
7. nitrogen: N2 in air; NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ in soil and water
8. hydrogen: Water, H2 gas, mineral deposits
9. Carbon: CO2 in air; CO3 2- in rocks & sediments
10. Organic Nutrients: -Constains C and H
-usually products of living things
11. Heterotroph (Carbon Source): -Must obtain its C in an organic form
-Dependent on living things
12. Autotroph (Carbon Source): -"Self-feeder"
-Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (NOT nutritionally dependent on other
living things)
13. Nitrogen Sources: -Main reservoir N2
-Primary nitrogen source for heterotophs (DNA, RNA, and ATP)
-Some bacteria and algae can transform N2 into usable compounds through
nitrogen fixation
(nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodes in legume roots-good for soil)
14. Growth Factor: An organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous
base, or vitamin that can not be synthesized by an organism and must be
provided as a nutrient.
15. Essential Amino Acid: Amino acids that must be obtained from food
16. Phototroph (Energy Source): Use Light
17. Chemotroph (Energy Source): Use organic molecules
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, 18. Lithotroph (Energy Source): Use inorganic molecules like H2S (Hydrogen
Sulfide; colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is
heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive, flammable, and explosive.)
19. Saprobes: -Free-living microorganisms
-Decomposers of plant liter, animal liter, and dead microbes
-Most have rigid cell walls, so they can release enzymes to the extracellular
environment and digest food particles into smaller molecules
20. Obligate Saprobes: Exists strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water
21. Parasites: -Derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a host
-Often are also pathogens because they cause damage to the tissues or even
death
22. Ectoparasites: Parasites that live on the body
23. Endoparasites: Parasites that live in the organs and tissues
24. Intracellular Parasites: parasites that live within cells
25. Obligate Parasites: Parasites that are unable to grow outside of a living host
26. Diffusion: -Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
-Will eventually evenly distribute the molecules...
27. osmosis: Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane into a
region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the
solute concentrations on the two sides
28. Membrane: Selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can
block certain other dissolved molecules
29. Isotonic: -The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's
internal environment, and because diffusion of water proceeds at the same rate in
both directions, there is no net change in cell volume -Generally the most stable
environments for cells
30. Hypotonic: -The solute concentration of the external environment is lower
than that of the cell's internal environment
-The net direction of osmosis is from the hypotonic solution into the cell
-Cells without walls swell and can burst
31. Hypertonic: -The environment has a higher solute concentration than the
cytoplasm
-Will force water to diffuse out of a cell
-Cell will shrink
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1. Nutrients: Processed and transformed into the chemicals of the cell after
absorption
2. Essential nutrient: Any substance that must be provided to an organism
3. Macronutrients: -required in relatively large quantities
-play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
-ex. C, H, O
4. Micronutrients: -"trace elements"
-present in small amounts
-involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
-ex. Mag, Zinc, Nickle
5. inorganic nutrient: A combination of atoms other than C and H
6. oxygen: O2 in air, certain oxides, water
7. nitrogen: N2 in air; NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ in soil and water
8. hydrogen: Water, H2 gas, mineral deposits
9. Carbon: CO2 in air; CO3 2- in rocks & sediments
10. Organic Nutrients: -Constains C and H
-usually products of living things
11. Heterotroph (Carbon Source): -Must obtain its C in an organic form
-Dependent on living things
12. Autotroph (Carbon Source): -"Self-feeder"
-Uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (NOT nutritionally dependent on other
living things)
13. Nitrogen Sources: -Main reservoir N2
-Primary nitrogen source for heterotophs (DNA, RNA, and ATP)
-Some bacteria and algae can transform N2 into usable compounds through
nitrogen fixation
(nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodes in legume roots-good for soil)
14. Growth Factor: An organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous
base, or vitamin that can not be synthesized by an organism and must be
provided as a nutrient.
15. Essential Amino Acid: Amino acids that must be obtained from food
16. Phototroph (Energy Source): Use Light
17. Chemotroph (Energy Source): Use organic molecules
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, 18. Lithotroph (Energy Source): Use inorganic molecules like H2S (Hydrogen
Sulfide; colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs; it is
heavier than air, very poisonous, corrosive, flammable, and explosive.)
19. Saprobes: -Free-living microorganisms
-Decomposers of plant liter, animal liter, and dead microbes
-Most have rigid cell walls, so they can release enzymes to the extracellular
environment and digest food particles into smaller molecules
20. Obligate Saprobes: Exists strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water
21. Parasites: -Derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a host
-Often are also pathogens because they cause damage to the tissues or even
death
22. Ectoparasites: Parasites that live on the body
23. Endoparasites: Parasites that live in the organs and tissues
24. Intracellular Parasites: parasites that live within cells
25. Obligate Parasites: Parasites that are unable to grow outside of a living host
26. Diffusion: -Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
-Will eventually evenly distribute the molecules...
27. osmosis: Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane into a
region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the
solute concentrations on the two sides
28. Membrane: Selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can
block certain other dissolved molecules
29. Isotonic: -The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's
internal environment, and because diffusion of water proceeds at the same rate in
both directions, there is no net change in cell volume -Generally the most stable
environments for cells
30. Hypotonic: -The solute concentration of the external environment is lower
than that of the cell's internal environment
-The net direction of osmosis is from the hypotonic solution into the cell
-Cells without walls swell and can burst
31. Hypertonic: -The environment has a higher solute concentration than the
cytoplasm
-Will force water to diffuse out of a cell
-Cell will shrink
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