D402 Key Terms Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2025

D402 Key Terms Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2025 germ theory of disease: - Answers an accepted scientific theory stating microorganisms, also called pathogens or germs, can cause disease by invading humans, animals, or living hosts penicillin: - Answers a medication used to treat infections that was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming and was one of the first medications against bacterial infections that had previously killed many people evidence-based medicine: - Answers an interdisciplinary approach that bases the treatment of a health concern on the best available current research Shattuck Report: - Answers a report written by Lemuel Shattuck in 1850 identifying public health needs for Massachusetts; the report identified the importance of data such as birth and death statistics to verify the cause and effect of poor hygiene on preventable diseases pasteurization: - Answers heating liquids at high temperatures within a short period to kill harmful microbes (bacteria) in milk, thus keeping foods safe and not affecting the nutritional quality vaccine: - Answers a prepared substance administered by injection, orally, or sprayed into the nose to stimulate the body's immune response against a disease community health: - Answers the health status of a defined geographic area with similar characteristics public health: - Answers the science of improving health and preventing and researching disease states community health assessment: - Answers the practice of conducting assessments of populations at the local or state level mortality: - Answers a measure of the number of deaths in a population morbidity: - Answers the symptom or the amount of disease within a population health determinants: - Answers conditions that affect the health of a community, such as safe housing, transportation, racism, discrimination, job opportunities, language, and literacy skills intervention: - Answers an action taken to improve (in the case of health) a health problem to mitigate the harm resulting from the problem socio-ecological model of health: - Answers factors that can affect health and explores the relationship among health, the individual, the group, and the community individual factors: - Answers the influence on an individual's behavior, for example, their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality interpersonal factors: - Answers the interactions with others, which may provide support or create barriers to interpersonal growth institutional and organizational factors: - Answers the rules, regulations and policies, and formal structures that promote or constrain healthy behaviors community factors: - Answers the formal or informal social norms that exist among individuals, groups, or organizations that may limit or enhance healthy behaviors public policy factors: - Answers the local, state, and federal policies and laws that regulate or support health and practices for disease prevention PRECEDE-PROCEED model: - Answers provides the structure for planning a focused public health program with steps focused on the implementation and evaluation of the healthcare program PRECEDE - Answers -Predisposing -Reinforcing -Enabling -Constructs in Educational -Environmental -Diagnosis -Evaluation PROCEED - Answers -Policy -Regulatory -Organizational -Constructs in -Educational -Environmental -Development. PRECEED Steps - Answers -Identifying the desired result -Setting priorities -Reviewing social determinants -Identifying predisposing and reinforcing factors that may affect behavior and environmental factors -Identifying administration and policy factors that influence what may be implemented PROCEED Steps - Answers -Implementation and conducting the intervention Process evaluation Impact evaluation Outcome evaluation Public health core factors: - Answers -assessment -policy development -assurance stages of change model: - Answers an individual's readiness to change or alter their behavior; the stages occur in the following order: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination Stages of change model: - Answers -Pre-contemplation: The individual has no intention of taking action. -Contemplation: The individual intends to take action or to do so in the near future. -Preparation: The individual has actively begun to take action. -Action: The individual's behavior has changed for a brief period. -Maintenance: The individual's behavior has been changed and continues to be maintained for the long term. -Termination: The individual has no desire to return to prior negative behaviors. health belief model: - Answers guides health promotion and disease prevention by predicting changes in the behavior of individuals; is based on a willingness to change individual health behaviors that begin with perceptions perceived susceptibility: - Answers the belief regarding contracting a disease or condition perceived severity: - Answers refers to the negative consequences one associates with a health outcome perceived benefits: - Answers beliefs about the positive outcomes that occur from specific behavior