Contents
Nurses! Test Yourself in
Anatomy and Physiology
Nurses!
Test Yourself in
Anatomy and Physiology
Detailed Questions and
Answers with rationales
Guaranteed Pass a+
Katherine M. A. Rogers and
William N. Scott
vii
,List of abbreviations xv
Common prefixes, suffixes and roots xix
1 Essential biology and biochemistry 14
2 The integumentary system 29
4 The musculoskeletal system 44
5 The nervous system and special senses 56
, Contents
6 The endocrine system 78
7 The cardiovascular system 99
8 The respiratory system 120
9 The digestive system 136
10 The urinary system 150
11 The immune and lymphatic systems 167
12 The male and female reproductive systems 185
13 Genetics and inheritance 202
Glossary 217
viii ix
,
, List of abbreviations
Using this book
These common abbreviations are used in the clinical setting and throughout this
book.
ACE angiotensin-converting GnRH gonadotropin-releasing
enzyme hormone
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic HCG human chorionic
hormone gonadotropin
ADH antidiuretic hormone (or HCl hydrochloric acid
vasopressin) HR heart rate
ADP adenosine diphosphate Ig immunoglobulin
ANS autonomic nervous system LH luteinizing hormone
ATP adenosine triphosphate MI myocardial infarction (or
AV atrioventricular heart attack)
BP blood pressure O2 oxygen
CF cystic fibrosis PEFR peak expiratory flow rate
CNS central nervous system PNS peripheral nervous system
CO2 carbon dioxide PTH parathyroid hormone
COPD chronic obstructive RAS renin-angiotensin system
pulmonary disease RBC red blood cell
CSF cerebrospinal fluid RNA ribonucleic acid
CVA cerebrovascular accident SA sinoatrial
(or stroke) SER smooth endoplasmic
DCT distal convoluted tubule reticulum
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid STI sexually transmitted
EC enterochromaffin infection
ECG electrocardiogram SV stroke volume
ER endoplasmic reticulum TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone UV ultra-violet
GABA gamma aminobutyric acid WBC white blood cell
GI gastrointestinal
xv
,
, Common prefixes, suffixes
and roots
Prefix/suffix/ Definition Example
root
a- /an- deficiency, lack of anuria = decrease or absence of urine production
-aemia of the blood ischaemia = decreased blood supply
angio- vessel angiogenesis = growth of new vessels
broncho- bronchus bronchitis = inflammation of the bronchus
card- heart cardiology = study of the heart
chole- bile or gall bladder cholecystitis = inflammation of gall bladder
cyto- cell cytology = study of cells
derm- skin dermatology = study of the skin
entero- intestine enteritis = inflammation of the intestinal tract
erythro- red erthyropenia = deficiency of red blood cells
gast- stomach gastritis = inflammation of stomach lining
-globin protein haemoglobin = iron-containing protein in the blood
haem- blood haemocyte = a blood cell (especially red blood cell)
hepat- liver hepatitis = inflammation of the liver
-hydr- water rehydrate = replenish body fluids
leuco- white leucopenia = deficiency of white blood cells
lymph- lymph tissue/vessels lymphoedema = fluid retention in lymphatic system
myo- muscle myocardium = cardiac muscle
nephr- kidney nephritis = inflammation of the kidneys
neuro- nerve neurology = study of the nerves
-ology study of histology = study of the tissues
-ophth- eye ophthalmology = study of the eyes
osteo- bone osteology = study of bones
path- disease pathology = study of disease
pneumo- air/lungs pneumonitis = inflammation of lung tissue
-uria urine haematuria = blood in the urine
vaso- vessel vasoconstriction = narrowing of vessels
xix
,QUESTIONS Essential biology and biochemistry
1 Essential biology
and biochemistry
1
INTRODUCTION
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It
explores the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. It involves various
aspects including pH, fluids and energy requirements.
The atom is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. An atom donates an
electron to become a positive ion or gains an electron to become a negative ion.
Groups of atoms form molecules or compounds. A molecule consists of two or
more chemically combined atoms. A compound is a pure substance consisting
of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler
substances by chemical reactions.
pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is measured on a scale of 1–14
with pH 7 being neutral. A pH value less than 7 is acidic; a pH greater than 7
is alkaline (or basic).The pH of bodily fluids must remain relatively constant for
the body to maintain homeostasis.
Water is the most abundant substance in the body. Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) is the main energy storage molecule in humans. It is important for nurses
to know about the essential nutrients that the body needs and how it uses them,
because lack of nutrients or a disruption of the body’s chemistry can lead to
illness or disease.
,Essential biology and biochemistry QUESTIONS
LABELLING EXERCISE
1–10 Use the words in the box to complete the pH scale in Figure 2.1. In
numbers 1–3 identify the trends on the scale, in numbers 4–10 iden-
tify the body fluids with the specified pH values.
Not all of them are required, so choose carefully!
semen tears
blood urine
neutral stomach acid
mucus cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
saliva acidic
alkaline (basic) bile
pancreatic juice
Figure 2.1 The pH scale
xxi
, TRUE OR FALSE?
Are the following statements true or false?
11 The elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)
make up less than 90 per cent of body mass.
12 An anabolic reaction is a synthesis reaction.
13 Carbohydrates contain carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
14 Lipids contain carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
15 Proteins are made up of amino acids.
16 Active transport is a passive process.
17 Water can pass through a selectively permeable membrane.
16
Nurses! Test Yourself in
Anatomy and Physiology
Nurses!
Test Yourself in
Anatomy and Physiology
Detailed Questions and
Answers with rationales
Guaranteed Pass a+
Katherine M. A. Rogers and
William N. Scott
vii
,List of abbreviations xv
Common prefixes, suffixes and roots xix
1 Essential biology and biochemistry 14
2 The integumentary system 29
4 The musculoskeletal system 44
5 The nervous system and special senses 56
, Contents
6 The endocrine system 78
7 The cardiovascular system 99
8 The respiratory system 120
9 The digestive system 136
10 The urinary system 150
11 The immune and lymphatic systems 167
12 The male and female reproductive systems 185
13 Genetics and inheritance 202
Glossary 217
viii ix
,
, List of abbreviations
Using this book
These common abbreviations are used in the clinical setting and throughout this
book.
ACE angiotensin-converting GnRH gonadotropin-releasing
enzyme hormone
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic HCG human chorionic
hormone gonadotropin
ADH antidiuretic hormone (or HCl hydrochloric acid
vasopressin) HR heart rate
ADP adenosine diphosphate Ig immunoglobulin
ANS autonomic nervous system LH luteinizing hormone
ATP adenosine triphosphate MI myocardial infarction (or
AV atrioventricular heart attack)
BP blood pressure O2 oxygen
CF cystic fibrosis PEFR peak expiratory flow rate
CNS central nervous system PNS peripheral nervous system
CO2 carbon dioxide PTH parathyroid hormone
COPD chronic obstructive RAS renin-angiotensin system
pulmonary disease RBC red blood cell
CSF cerebrospinal fluid RNA ribonucleic acid
CVA cerebrovascular accident SA sinoatrial
(or stroke) SER smooth endoplasmic
DCT distal convoluted tubule reticulum
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid STI sexually transmitted
EC enterochromaffin infection
ECG electrocardiogram SV stroke volume
ER endoplasmic reticulum TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone UV ultra-violet
GABA gamma aminobutyric acid WBC white blood cell
GI gastrointestinal
xv
,
, Common prefixes, suffixes
and roots
Prefix/suffix/ Definition Example
root
a- /an- deficiency, lack of anuria = decrease or absence of urine production
-aemia of the blood ischaemia = decreased blood supply
angio- vessel angiogenesis = growth of new vessels
broncho- bronchus bronchitis = inflammation of the bronchus
card- heart cardiology = study of the heart
chole- bile or gall bladder cholecystitis = inflammation of gall bladder
cyto- cell cytology = study of cells
derm- skin dermatology = study of the skin
entero- intestine enteritis = inflammation of the intestinal tract
erythro- red erthyropenia = deficiency of red blood cells
gast- stomach gastritis = inflammation of stomach lining
-globin protein haemoglobin = iron-containing protein in the blood
haem- blood haemocyte = a blood cell (especially red blood cell)
hepat- liver hepatitis = inflammation of the liver
-hydr- water rehydrate = replenish body fluids
leuco- white leucopenia = deficiency of white blood cells
lymph- lymph tissue/vessels lymphoedema = fluid retention in lymphatic system
myo- muscle myocardium = cardiac muscle
nephr- kidney nephritis = inflammation of the kidneys
neuro- nerve neurology = study of the nerves
-ology study of histology = study of the tissues
-ophth- eye ophthalmology = study of the eyes
osteo- bone osteology = study of bones
path- disease pathology = study of disease
pneumo- air/lungs pneumonitis = inflammation of lung tissue
-uria urine haematuria = blood in the urine
vaso- vessel vasoconstriction = narrowing of vessels
xix
,QUESTIONS Essential biology and biochemistry
1 Essential biology
and biochemistry
1
INTRODUCTION
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It
explores the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. It involves various
aspects including pH, fluids and energy requirements.
The atom is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. An atom donates an
electron to become a positive ion or gains an electron to become a negative ion.
Groups of atoms form molecules or compounds. A molecule consists of two or
more chemically combined atoms. A compound is a pure substance consisting
of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler
substances by chemical reactions.
pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is measured on a scale of 1–14
with pH 7 being neutral. A pH value less than 7 is acidic; a pH greater than 7
is alkaline (or basic).The pH of bodily fluids must remain relatively constant for
the body to maintain homeostasis.
Water is the most abundant substance in the body. Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) is the main energy storage molecule in humans. It is important for nurses
to know about the essential nutrients that the body needs and how it uses them,
because lack of nutrients or a disruption of the body’s chemistry can lead to
illness or disease.
,Essential biology and biochemistry QUESTIONS
LABELLING EXERCISE
1–10 Use the words in the box to complete the pH scale in Figure 2.1. In
numbers 1–3 identify the trends on the scale, in numbers 4–10 iden-
tify the body fluids with the specified pH values.
Not all of them are required, so choose carefully!
semen tears
blood urine
neutral stomach acid
mucus cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
saliva acidic
alkaline (basic) bile
pancreatic juice
Figure 2.1 The pH scale
xxi
, TRUE OR FALSE?
Are the following statements true or false?
11 The elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)
make up less than 90 per cent of body mass.
12 An anabolic reaction is a synthesis reaction.
13 Carbohydrates contain carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
14 Lipids contain carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
15 Proteins are made up of amino acids.
16 Active transport is a passive process.
17 Water can pass through a selectively permeable membrane.
16
