AC-HPAT BIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH THE LATEST
AND UPDATED SCORE
1) Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes -- Answer ✔✔ The pancreas is the organ that
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
produces insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2) Anatomy and morphology of eukaryotes: -- Answer ✔✔ eukaryotic cell has a plasma
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
eukaryotic cells have: numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) several
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
rod-shaped chromosomes. _
3) Anatomy and morphology or prokaryotes -- Answer ✔✔ Prokaryotes are
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the cell called the nucleoid.
_ _ _ _
4) Anatomy and morphology of viruses -- Answer ✔✔ A virus consists of a nucleic acid
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
core, an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
protein and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. The capsid is made
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
up of protein subunits called capsomeres.
_ _ _ _ _ _
5) Cell division -- Answer ✔✔ Cell division is the process in which one cell divides to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
form two new cells. Most prokaryotic cells divide by the process of binary fission. In
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major steps: mitosis and cytokinesis.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6) Binary Fission -- Answer ✔✔ Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, Paramecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
simultaneously. (bacteria) _
7) Somatic cells -- Answer ✔✔ any cell of a living organism other than the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
reproductive cells. _
8) Zygote -- Answer ✔✔ The cell formed by the union of a male sex cell (a sperm) and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_a female sex cell (an ovum). The zygote develops into the embryo following the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
instruction encoded in its genetic material, the DNA. The unification of a sperm and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
an ovum to form a zygote constitutes fertilization.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
9) Meiosis -- Answer ✔✔ a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sex cells - sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis one cell? Divides twice to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
form four daughter cells.
_ _ _
10) DNA -- Answer ✔✔ DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person's body has the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
same DNA. ... The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). NA
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
most of the work in our bodies
_ _ _ _ _ _
11) Genes -- Answer ✔✔ Genes are a set of instructions that determine what the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
organism is like, its appearance, how it survives, and how it behaves in its
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
environment. Genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
They give instructions for a living being to make molecules called proteins
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12) Chromosomes -- Answer ✔✔ The chromosomes of a cell are in the cell nucleus. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
They carry the genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
protein combined as chromatin. Each chromosome contains many genes.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chromosomes come in pairs: one set from the mother; the other set from the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
father.
, 13) Mitosis vs. Meiosis -- Answer ✔✔ Mitosis and meiosis are nuclear division processes
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_that occur during cell division. Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
meiosis involves the division of sex cells
_ _ _ _ _ _
14) Genotype -- Answer ✔✔ The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
and therefore of any individual, which determines one of its characteristics
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(phenotype).
15) Phenotype -- Answer ✔✔ Phenotype is the set of observable characteristics of an
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16) Dominance -- Answer ✔✔ the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the second recessive.
_ _
17) Recessive gene -- Answer ✔✔ recessive gene is a gene that can be masked by a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
dominant gene. In order to have a trait that is expressed by a recessive gene, such as
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_blue eyes, you must get the gene for blue eyes from both of your parents. You
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
might remember the word recessive from biology, where it most often appears.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18) Sex Linkage -- Answer ✔✔ Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an allele that
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
is dependent on the gender of the individual and is directly tied to the sex
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
chromosomes. In such cases there is a homogametic sex and a heterogametic sex. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19) Cloning -- Answer ✔✔ Cloning is the process of taking genetic information from
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
one living thing and creating identical copies of it. The copied material is called a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
clone. Geneticists have cloned cells, tissues, genes and entire animals
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20) Artificial insemination -- Answer ✔✔ Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
intercourse.
21) Vitro fertilization -- Answer ✔✔ vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
AND UPDATED SCORE
1) Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes -- Answer ✔✔ The pancreas is the organ that
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
produces insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2) Anatomy and morphology of eukaryotes: -- Answer ✔✔ eukaryotic cell has a plasma
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
eukaryotic cells have: numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) several
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
rod-shaped chromosomes. _
3) Anatomy and morphology or prokaryotes -- Answer ✔✔ Prokaryotes are
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the cell called the nucleoid.
_ _ _ _
4) Anatomy and morphology of viruses -- Answer ✔✔ A virus consists of a nucleic acid
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
core, an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
protein and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. The capsid is made
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
up of protein subunits called capsomeres.
_ _ _ _ _ _
5) Cell division -- Answer ✔✔ Cell division is the process in which one cell divides to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
form two new cells. Most prokaryotic cells divide by the process of binary fission. In
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major steps: mitosis and cytokinesis.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6) Binary Fission -- Answer ✔✔ Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, Paramecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
simultaneously. (bacteria) _
7) Somatic cells -- Answer ✔✔ any cell of a living organism other than the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
reproductive cells. _
8) Zygote -- Answer ✔✔ The cell formed by the union of a male sex cell (a sperm) and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_a female sex cell (an ovum). The zygote develops into the embryo following the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
instruction encoded in its genetic material, the DNA. The unification of a sperm and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
an ovum to form a zygote constitutes fertilization.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
9) Meiosis -- Answer ✔✔ a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sex cells - sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis one cell? Divides twice to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
form four daughter cells.
_ _ _
10) DNA -- Answer ✔✔ DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person's body has the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
same DNA. ... The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). NA
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
most of the work in our bodies
_ _ _ _ _ _
11) Genes -- Answer ✔✔ Genes are a set of instructions that determine what the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
organism is like, its appearance, how it survives, and how it behaves in its
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
environment. Genes are made of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
They give instructions for a living being to make molecules called proteins
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12) Chromosomes -- Answer ✔✔ The chromosomes of a cell are in the cell nucleus. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
They carry the genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
protein combined as chromatin. Each chromosome contains many genes.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chromosomes come in pairs: one set from the mother; the other set from the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
father.
, 13) Mitosis vs. Meiosis -- Answer ✔✔ Mitosis and meiosis are nuclear division processes
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_that occur during cell division. Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
meiosis involves the division of sex cells
_ _ _ _ _ _
14) Genotype -- Answer ✔✔ The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
and therefore of any individual, which determines one of its characteristics
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(phenotype).
15) Phenotype -- Answer ✔✔ Phenotype is the set of observable characteristics of an
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16) Dominance -- Answer ✔✔ the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the second recessive.
_ _
17) Recessive gene -- Answer ✔✔ recessive gene is a gene that can be masked by a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
dominant gene. In order to have a trait that is expressed by a recessive gene, such as
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_blue eyes, you must get the gene for blue eyes from both of your parents. You
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
might remember the word recessive from biology, where it most often appears.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18) Sex Linkage -- Answer ✔✔ Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an allele that
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
is dependent on the gender of the individual and is directly tied to the sex
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
chromosomes. In such cases there is a homogametic sex and a heterogametic sex. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19) Cloning -- Answer ✔✔ Cloning is the process of taking genetic information from
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
one living thing and creating identical copies of it. The copied material is called a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
clone. Geneticists have cloned cells, tissues, genes and entire animals
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20) Artificial insemination -- Answer ✔✔ Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
intercourse.
21) Vitro fertilization -- Answer ✔✔ vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
