NURS 660 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH SOLVED ANSWERS

NURS 660 EXAM 4: QUESTIONS WITH SOLVED ANSWERS.


The core symptoms of ADHD are linked to what area of the brain? -- Answer ✔✔
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prefrontal cortex t




Selective attention is due to what area of the PFC malfunctioning? -- Answer ✔✔ dorsal
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ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)
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Sustained attention and problem solving linked to what area of the brain? -- Answer ✔✔
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DLPFC

Hyperactivity is linked to what area of the brain? -- Answer ✔✔ prefrontal motor cortex
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What test assessing sustained attention? -- Answer ✔✔ N-back test
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Where is sustained attention modulated in brain? -- Answer ✔✔ CSTC loop in the DLPFC
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Insufficient activation in the DLPFC can cause inattention
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"sustained attention- N back" t t t




What test assesses selective attention? -- Answer ✔✔ Stroop test
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"Selective, Stroop, Cingulate" t t




Where in the brain is selective attention modulated? -- Answer ✔✔ the CSTC loop,
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Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
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Issues with sustained attention are: -- Answer ✔✔ difficulty completing tasks
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Disorganization
Trouble sustaining mental effort
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,Issues with selective attention are: -- Answer ✔✔ difficulty with detail
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Carless mistakes t




Not listening
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Losing things t




Being distracted t




Forgetting things t




What part of the brain modulates impulsivity? -- Answer ✔✔ orbitofrontal cortex
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What symptoms of impulsivity are observed? -- Answer ✔✔ talking excessively
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Blurting things out t t




Not waiting ones turn
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Interrupting

What part of the brain modulates hyperactivity? -- Answer ✔✔ prefrontal cortex
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What are some key observations in the prefrontal cortex as it relates to ADHD? --
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Answer ✔✔ orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-- impulsivity and hyperactivity
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DLPFC/dacc-- sustained/selective attention issues t t t




How do NE and DA amounts manifest in relation to fatigue/anxiety? -- Answer ✔✔ too
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little NE and DA = fatigue
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Too much = anxiety
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What two receptors in the PRC are thought to be involved with ADHD treatment? --
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Answer ✔✔ alpha 2 a t t t t




D1

How does ADHD affect NE and DA levels? -- Answer ✔✔ NE levels low, signal reduced
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DA levels low, noise increased
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Results in: fidget and inattention t t t t

, How should you treat NE and DA in adhd? -- Answer ✔✔ increase NE
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Increase DA t




What receptors does NE stimulate in the post synapse? -- Answer ✔✔ alpha 2 a; even
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better effect when beta1 receptors also stimulated
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What effect does DA have on receptors and what does this cause? -- Answer ✔✔
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decreases the noise and prevents inappropriate connections from taking place through
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stimulating D1 receptors t t




What effect does NE have on receptors and what does this cause? -- Answer ✔✔
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increases the incoming signal and allows for increase connections between prefrontal
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networks through stimulation of alpha 2A receptors
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What effect do slow dose stimulants have? -- Answer ✔✔ amplify tonic NE and DA signals
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Block NET in PFC
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Block DAT in nucleus accumbens
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Why do slow dose stimulants have less abuse potential? -- Answer ✔✔ they don’t occupy
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DAT too quickly or extensively, which is thought to reduce abuse potential
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What is salience provoked phasic firing? -- Answer ✔✔ - bursts of DA release
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This can reinforce learning and reward conditioning which can lead to motivation to
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pursue rewarding experiences (education, career development)
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Can also lead to drug abuse....
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How do pulsatile stimulants affect NE and DA? -- Answer ✔✔ rapid increase in both
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Can lead to feelings of euphoria and abuse
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Ex: methylphenidate and amphetamine
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