MCAT: CELL BIOLOGY 2024/2025 EXAM WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Cell Theory -- Answer ✔✔ 1) All living things are made of cells
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2) Cell is the basic functional unit of life
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3) Cells are formed from other cells
_ _ _ _ _ _
4) Cells contain DNA (genetic information)
_ _ _ _ _
Are viruses living organisms? -- Answer ✔✔ No. They don’t contain DNA (they have
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
RNA), and they are not able to reproduce on their own (violates 3 and 4 of cell
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
theory)
Eukaryotic cells vs Prokaryotic cells -- Answer ✔✔ Eu: Nucleus. Pro: No nucleus
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Nucleus -- Answer ✔✔ -contains all of the necessary information for replication
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-surrounded by the nuclear envelope that protects nucleus from cytoplasm
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Nucleolus -- Answer ✔✔ -makes up 25% of the nucleus
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-rRNA synthesis
_
Mitochondria -- Answer ✔✔ -power plant of the cell, provides energy
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-outer membrane, inner membrane (cristae), intermembrane space, michondrial matrix
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-semi-autonomous - have their own DNA and can replicate through binary fission = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance _
**RBCs don't have mitochondria - their only source of energy is from glycolysis
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Apoptosis -- Answer ✔✔ -programmed cell death
_ _ _ _ _ _
-mitochondria can do apoptosis, as well as lysosomes _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, Lysosomes -- Answer ✔✔ -have hydrolytic enzymes that can degrade substrates
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-autolysis
Rough ER -- Answer ✔✔ -has ribosomes
_ _ _ _ _ _
-place of protein translation
_ _ _
Smooth ER -- Answer ✔✔ -no ribosomes
_ _ _ _ _ _
-important for lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs/proteins
_ _ _ _ _ _
-transfer proteins from the RER to the Golgi Apparatus
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Golgi Apparatus -- Answer ✔✔ -packages and modifies the proteins, then sends them
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to their corresponding cell part
_ _ _ _
-if secretory proteins, packaged in secretory granules and released into the blood
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
stream via exocytosis _ _
Peroxisomes -- Answer ✔✔ -have H2O2 in them _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-very important in the B oxidation of fatty acids
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cytoskeleton: 3 Parts -- Answer ✔✔ 1) Microfilaments _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2) Microtubules
_
3) Intermediate filaments
_ _
Microfilaments -- Answer ✔✔ -part of the cytoskeleton _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-primary protein is ACTIN _ _ _
-actin filaments can react with myosin for muscle contraction
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-also important in cytokinesis - the cleavage furrow is formed by actin filaments
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Microtubules -- Answer ✔✔ -part of the cytoskeleton _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-primary protein is TUBULIN _ _ _
-cilia and flagella made of microtubules - 9+2 pattern
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-centrioles (form the mitotic spindles) - 9 triplets
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-where motor proteins like kinesin and dynein walk on
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Intermediate Filaments -- Answer ✔✔ -part of cytoskeleton _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-important for cell-cell adhesion, anchor organelles, makes the cell rigid
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Cell Theory -- Answer ✔✔ 1) All living things are made of cells
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2) Cell is the basic functional unit of life
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3) Cells are formed from other cells
_ _ _ _ _ _
4) Cells contain DNA (genetic information)
_ _ _ _ _
Are viruses living organisms? -- Answer ✔✔ No. They don’t contain DNA (they have
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
RNA), and they are not able to reproduce on their own (violates 3 and 4 of cell
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
theory)
Eukaryotic cells vs Prokaryotic cells -- Answer ✔✔ Eu: Nucleus. Pro: No nucleus
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Nucleus -- Answer ✔✔ -contains all of the necessary information for replication
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-surrounded by the nuclear envelope that protects nucleus from cytoplasm
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Nucleolus -- Answer ✔✔ -makes up 25% of the nucleus
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-rRNA synthesis
_
Mitochondria -- Answer ✔✔ -power plant of the cell, provides energy
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-outer membrane, inner membrane (cristae), intermembrane space, michondrial matrix
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-semi-autonomous - have their own DNA and can replicate through binary fission = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance _
**RBCs don't have mitochondria - their only source of energy is from glycolysis
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Apoptosis -- Answer ✔✔ -programmed cell death
_ _ _ _ _ _
-mitochondria can do apoptosis, as well as lysosomes _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, Lysosomes -- Answer ✔✔ -have hydrolytic enzymes that can degrade substrates
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-autolysis
Rough ER -- Answer ✔✔ -has ribosomes
_ _ _ _ _ _
-place of protein translation
_ _ _
Smooth ER -- Answer ✔✔ -no ribosomes
_ _ _ _ _ _
-important for lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs/proteins
_ _ _ _ _ _
-transfer proteins from the RER to the Golgi Apparatus
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Golgi Apparatus -- Answer ✔✔ -packages and modifies the proteins, then sends them
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to their corresponding cell part
_ _ _ _
-if secretory proteins, packaged in secretory granules and released into the blood
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
stream via exocytosis _ _
Peroxisomes -- Answer ✔✔ -have H2O2 in them _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-very important in the B oxidation of fatty acids
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cytoskeleton: 3 Parts -- Answer ✔✔ 1) Microfilaments _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2) Microtubules
_
3) Intermediate filaments
_ _
Microfilaments -- Answer ✔✔ -part of the cytoskeleton _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-primary protein is ACTIN _ _ _
-actin filaments can react with myosin for muscle contraction
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-also important in cytokinesis - the cleavage furrow is formed by actin filaments
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Microtubules -- Answer ✔✔ -part of the cytoskeleton _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-primary protein is TUBULIN _ _ _
-cilia and flagella made of microtubules - 9+2 pattern
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-centrioles (form the mitotic spindles) - 9 triplets
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-where motor proteins like kinesin and dynein walk on
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Intermediate Filaments -- Answer ✔✔ -part of cytoskeleton _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-important for cell-cell adhesion, anchor organelles, makes the cell rigid
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
