MCAT BIOLOGY (PRINCETON REVIEW) EXAM WITH COMPLETE AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

MCAT BIOLOGY (PRINCETON REVIEW) EXAM WITH COMPLETE
AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS



Maltose -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Glucose + Glucose
t t t t t t t




Sucrose -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Glucose + Fructose
t t t t t t t




Lactose -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Glucose + Galactose
t t t t t t t




Glycogen -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Animal glucose storage
t t t t t t t




Starch -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Plant glucose storage
t t t t t t t




Cellulose -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Plant structure
t t t t t t




Saturated Fatty Acids -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Single bonds
t t t t t t t t




-Solid at room temp.
t t t




Unsaturated Fatty Acids -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Double bonds t t t t t t t t




-Liquid at room temp.
t t t




Terepenes -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Built from multiple isoprene units
t t t t t t t t t




Cholesterol -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -In cell membrane t t t t t t t




-Steroid precursor t




-Bile salts
t




Catalysts -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Stabilize the transition states
t t t t t t t t




-Reduce the activation energy
t t t

,Competitive Inhibition -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Binds at active site
t t t t t t t t t




-No change in Vmax
t t t




-Increases Km t




Non-Competitive Inhibition -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Binds at allosteric site t t t t t t t t t




-Decreases Vmax t




-No change in Km
t t t




Uncompetitive Inhibition -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Binds at allosteric site of ES complex
t t t t t t t t t t t t




-Decreases Vmax t




-Decreases Km t




Mixed Inhibition -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Binds at allosteric site of E along or ES complex
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t




-Decreases Vmax t




-Varied effects on Km
t t t




Glycolysis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Occurs in the cytosol
t t t t t t t t




-O2 in not needed
t t t




PCD/Krebs Cycle -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
t t t t t t t t t t




-O2 is indirectly needed
t t t




Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Occurs in
t t t t t t t t t t




the mitochondrial inner membrane
t t t




-O2 is directly needed
t t t




Fermentation -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Pyruvate --> Ethanol (yeast) or Lactic Acid (muscle)
t t t t t t t t t t t t




Glycogenesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -High blood glucose t t t t t t t




-Insulin produced t




-Glucose converted to glycogen t t t




-Stored in liver and lesser extent in muscle
t t t t t t t




Glycogenolysis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Low blood glucose t t t t t t t t




-Glucagon produced t




-Glycogen converted to glucose in the liver
t t t t t t

,Pentose Phosphate Pathway -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Produces NADPH
t t t t t t t t




-Reducing power t




-Fatty acid synthesis t t




-Eliminate reactive oxygen species t t t




-Ribose-5 phosphate --> nucleotide synthesis t t t t




Fatty Acid Oxidation -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
t t t t t t t t t t t




-Linked to acetyl-CoA t t




-Conezymes used are FAD and NAD+ t t t t t




-2 ATP input makes lots of energy
t t t t t t




Fatty Acid Synthesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Occurs in the cytosol
t t t t t t t t t t




-Starting Materials: acetyl-coA and malonyl-CoA t t t t




-Coenzyme used is NADPH t t t




-Requires a lot of energy t t t t




Ketogenesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -During long term starvation t t t t t t t t




-Blood glucose is low t t t




-Fatty acids oxidized increase levels of acetyl CoA
t t t t t t t




-Acetyl CoAs react together to form ketone bodies
t t t t t t t




-Ketone bodies enter the brain and are reconverted to acetyl-CoA (primary source of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t




energy for the brain during starvation)
t t t t t




Pyrimidines -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Cystosine t t t t t




-Thymine
-Uracil
Pyramids are sharp so they "CUT" you t t t t t t




Purines -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Adenine t t t t t




-Guanine
AG (silver) is "pure"
t t t




A-T Base Pairing -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 2 hydrogen bonds
t t t t t t t t t




G-C Base Pairing -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 3 hydrogen bonds
t t t t t t t t t

, DNA Gyrase -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Helps prevent supercoiling in prokaryotes
t t t t t t t t t t




Heterochromatin -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Inactive, tightly bound t t t t t t t




Euchromatin -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Active, loosely bound t t t t t t t




Centromere -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -Region on chromosome (in the middle) t t t t t t t t t t




-Mitotic spindle attaches here t t t




-Holds replicated DNA together during mitosis
t t t t t




Central Dogma -- Correct Answer ✔✔ DNA replication --> Transcription into RNA -->
t t t t t t t t t t t t t




Translation into proteins t t




Start Codon -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -AUG = Methionine
t t t t t t t t




Stop Codons -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -UAA (you are annoying)
t t t t t t t t t




-UGA (you go away) t t t




-UAG (you are gross) t t t




Human Genome -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -46 chromosomes
t t t t t t t




-23 chromosome pairs from each parent
t t t t t




Polymerase Errors -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1.) Point mutations t t t t t t t t




2.) Small repeats
t t




3.) Insertions/deletions (small, frameshift)
t t t




Endogenous Damage (Reactive Oxygen Species or Physical Damage) -- Correct Answer
t t t t t t t t t t t




✔✔ 1.) Oxidized DNA
t t t




2.) Crosslinked bases
t t




3.) Physical damage
t t




4.) These can lead to polymerase errors
t t t t t t




Exogenous Damage (Radiation or Chemicals) -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1.) UV radiation =
t t t t t t t t t t t t t




pyrimidine dimers t